Famous Creative Thinkers Presentation Essay Example for Free

Renowned Creative Thinkers Presentation Essay Renowned Creative Thinkers Presentation I pick Carl Sagan as one of the individuals that I felt has given an extraordinary commitment to the world. Carl Sagan was conceived in Brooklyn, New York the child of an outsider specialist from the Russian Empire. Name after his mother’s mother. Carl had a sister and his mom was defensive of him. Carl’s mother was not par's place to fit in the public activity, so she was confined. At the point when his folks took him to the New York World Fair, Carl was so energized when he saw the internment of a period container, stars and different shows that would prompt his curiosity about the world. Further down the road Carl and others would fabricate time cases, yet these eventual conveyed into space for other living things to discover and they would contain Carl’s recollections structure the world reasonable. Carl’s guardians helped his developing enthusiasm for science by getting him books about science and science sets. He wanted to peruse the books about sci-fi stories, by scholars, for example, H. G. Wells and Edgar Rice Burroughs, they made his creative mind considerably more out of control his about whether there was life on different planets, for example, Mars, Jupiter and Venus. Carl went to the University of Chicago and got his unhitched males and was a piece of the Ryerson Astronomical Society. He got his Bachelors of Science in Physics, a Master of Science in material science and a PhD In astronomy and stargazing. Carl was denied residency at Harvard, in view of his logical support, being broadly advanced. Carl Sagan was an extraordinary stargazer, cosmologist, creator, astrophysicist, science communicator, and science popularizer. In light of his incredible requests with respect to what did what and why Carl thought about if there was genuinely life outside of the earth. He was the first to really make the principal messages that were sent into space. He examined the earth, stars, planets, he made messages that he thought could be comprehended by the extraterrestrials. He had more than 600 articles distributed thatâ were logical and composed or co-wrote in excess of 20 books. The honor winning arrangement named Cosmos was likewise via Carl Sagan. He was a teacher in space science at the University of Cornell; he was a piece of the NASA as a consultant. In light of the Cosmos individuals had the option to all the more likely relate and comprehend Carl’s thoughts regarding the value of humankind. Carl did his reasoning the most ideal way that he knew and that was to do it his way. On account of Carl they had the option to become familiar with the high surface temperature on the planet Venus, was because of the dryness. He was additionally the first to consider Saturn’s moon Titan may have contains fluids on a superficial level and that the Jupiter’s moon Europa may have seas. Carl did sorted out research on such activities as Near Earth Objects, he formed the Deflection Dilemma, which would avoid a space rock away from the Earth, and afterward it could be conceivable to redirect it back to the earth. During his profession Sagan would be particularly reprimanded with regards to his sufficiency, when it came to extraterrestrial life. Carl wanted to ask individuals to listen utilizing radio telescopes to check whether they could hear signals from space that could assist him with demonstrating that there were other living things. Because of the absence of conviction call expressed an appeal and had the option to get 70 researchers to sign it supporting the SETI that was additionally distributed in his diary of Science. Carl would later proceed to clarify his speculations and use science to uncover them to the world. His life power was committed to science. Under President Regan down-poured there was to be a Strategic Defense Initiative, that would cost billions of dollars yet it would build up a safeguard against atomic rocket assaults, a Carl was against this since he felt that there was no genuine method to do this and by doing so would unbalance the Soviet Union and United States settling on progress in the arms understanding. There was a trial called : The Nevada Desert Experience† is the place Carl would later be captured twice for climbing a fence at the dissent at the Nevada Test Site so as to challenge the administration for utilizing test destinations that were testing in the Nuclear weapons and they where they were leading the explosions. Carl was likewise noted as a free soul and intellectual. References Whitehouse, David (October 15, 1999). Carl Sagan: An actual existence in the universe. BBC News (BBC). Recovered August 30, American National Biography Online, Carl Sagan. Wikipedia, The free reference book Bansky is the second individual that I decide to compose on. Bansky is an exceptionally imaginative craftsman that did road and divider spray painting, painter, movie executive and political lobbyist. Nobody truly knew is genuine name or when he was conceived. He was the child of an expert, was conceived in Bristol England. Initially he was prepared to be a butcher. Some state that his work is like that of Blek le Rat. Bansky was dazzled by a craftsman known as 3D who was an individual from a gathering called Massive Attack. Bansky shows his craft to people in general yet he doesn't sell photograph illustrations are propagations of his work. His first film was called Exit through the Gift Shop was a debacle. His specialty is a piece of the Bristol Underground Scene. He like the way that stencils would assist with utilizing less an ideal opportunity to finish an undertaking. Bansky avoided the police while utilizing stencils as a spread while he made his work. There was an announcemen t to be made in every single one of Bansky’s craftsmanships. Bansky works are typically all enemy of something. He didn't affirm of the way that individuals thought about workmanship on surfaces as spray painting. He needed to show that it was genuine craftsmanship and begin to do painting and other such workmanship on open structure and open spots. Bansky, did his first show in Los Angeles at the 33 1/3 Gallery and the display called Existentialism, later he would create such displays like Turf Wars, Monet’s Water Lily Pond, Barely Legal, and Bansky impact. The Bansky impact is a method of labeling as well as utilizing workmanship to communicate things and making zones more splendid and wonderful to take a gander at. There is anything but a specific procedure Bansky utilized whatever he thought to be utilize full at that point. Bansky workmanship has been referred to be thought as a method of vengeance for the underclass. To label a mother people craftsmanship is impolite, and speaks to them removing force or domain and not maintaining the standards. Bansky’s works can be so extraordinary yet delightful when he does his specialty despite the fact that it is viewed as spray painting it is excellent. He built up an amount of farce British cash notes, where the head was not the Queens but rather the Princess Dianaâ⠂¬â„¢s and text was transformed from the Bank of England to Bansky of England. In spite of the fact that they were not genuine notes today they are of extraordinary worth. Bansky additionally was liable for nine representations on a bank divider in Palestine on the Israeli’s West Bank. Bansky has a flare to make a joke of unified force, also express that force can neutralize you. At the point when it came to legislative issues, Bansky was believed to be hostile to one party rule, against government, against free enterprise, hostile to dictatorship, agnosticism, existentialism and turmoil. Bansky utilized pictures and visual as a way to make his craftsmanship. I felt that h could have made his work progressively sensible by not adding things to make the genuine scene a joke. Be that as it may, when there is a craftsman they can just put what they feel is their style of workmanship. Bansky was likewise liable for Money Bart of the Simpsons. I didn't perceive any scholarly references. Bansky’s workmanship was denied from craftsmanship and performers. References Inventive ThinkersBanksy makes new Simpsons title grouping. BBC Banksy, Street Art Cult Hero, International Man of Mystery. The Village Voice./Wikipedia, The free reference book

Reflection and Practice Gibb’s Model Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Reflection and Practice Gibbs Model Guides. Answer: Presentation: Gibbs model aides reflection when taking care of a circumstance. This model is useful in separating the circumstance into occasions and individual reactions. This reflection cycle is the connection between gaining from an earlier time and future arranging. Gibbs intelligent cycle prompts medical caretakers to think in an orderly manner about each period of the training. Experience is significant for learning, anyway medical caretakers should think continually and ponder it, for development by and by. It is additionally valuable in understanding specific rate. Thus, it is useful to comprehend the rate in better manner and there are odds of enlargement in the quality next time. Situation: This article is about Mr. X (65 yrs.). He was admitted to the ward two days before because of manifestations of dementia and his sporadic and inadmissible conduct towards his relatives and companions. I had been throughout the previous 5 years as a private medical attendant in the ward for mental ailments. I normally used to show up grinding away by 7 a.m. I used to help more established patients in the ward in their every day exercises of the morning meeting. These incorporate utilization of toilets and restroom. Today additionally, I was occupied with these normal assignments. While playing out these exercises, I experienced Mr. X. Before conversing with him; I had gone through around 30 minutes in the ward. During this time, he was exceptionally tranquil and lying on his bed. I asked him, regardless of whether he required help for the utilization of the latrine and restroom. Rather than reacting to me, he began mishandling me and my associates. Out of nowhere, he got up from his b ed and began talking uproariously and he was moving his both the hands quick. He was attempting to hurt me genuinely, anyway I got away securely. From the earlier night he had been enquiring about his better half. In any case, his significant other passed on three years back because of a respiratory failure. He was over and again saying that staff individuals were not permitting him to meet his better half. In this troublesome circumstance additionally I kept my nerves cool and with the help of ranking staff part, I persuaded him. I hold his turn in my grasp and mentioned him to quiet down. I mentioned senior individuals from my staff to converse with him and shellfish down him. I did this by listening cautiously to him. I didn't furious with him. I let him know, I needed to support him. I requested that he be progressively agreeable. He didn't need me to remind his significant other, so I concurred. Reflection: Feelings At first, I had complex sentiments during the episode. I was reevaluating about my language, regardless of whether I had utilized wrong words. I felt humiliated because of that rate and I was vexed. I felt that, I had upset him. I was thinking, he was showing upset conduct because of me. Because of this episode, different patients in the ward additionally become upset. Different patients may be imagining that I didn't give legitimate treatment to Mr. X. These patients may be thinking, I utilized presumptuous words to Mr. X, subsequently he got aggravated and carried on as he did. My emotions became upsetting on the grounds that, I made him review his dead spouse. I was scared at the hour of episode; anyway I resisted the urge to panic around then and took care of the circumstance in an expert way. I didn't leave the patient in his upset conditions (Roberts and Dyer, 2004). My sentiments were acceptable and I was fulfilled in light of the fact that I picked up trust in dealing with su ch a circumstance viably. My sentiments were totally unique in relation to the emotions toward the beginning of episode. A definitive was sure. Mr. X consented to utilize the latrine and restroom. Consummation of these morning meeting exercises of Mr. X was significant in light of the fact that it can assist with making him stable and to improve his solace level (Baillie, 2005). Assessment: The beneficial thing about this experience was, I followednursing gauges and qualities in an expert and moral manner. The awful thing about the occurrence was, I got abuse from the patient. Patients getting into mischief withnursing and social insurance staff, who were taking such huge numbers of endeavors for physical and mental prosperity of the patients. Another awful thing about the frequency was, different patients in the ward likewise got upset because of this rate. Examination: I could detect that, others may have taken care of this frequency with various methodology. My methodology of taking care of this frequency was equitable way. I listened his sentiments cautiously and took him in certainty. Others may have taken care of this occurrence in progressively absolutist manner. They may have taught him to play out his normal exercises like latrine and washroom use. Such kind of demeanor may have misrepresented the circumstance. This may have lead to aggravation to different individuals in the ward. Different individuals from the staff were responded emphatically to this circumstance. My seniornursing staff and ward kid had helped me to quiet down Mr. X and to take him to latrine and washroom use. (Corrigan et al., 2005). Other staff individuals had attempted to support him and furthermore had attempted to improve his conviction innursing and social insurance staff. They had disclosed to him that nursing staff implied for prosperity of the patients and they w ould do nothing destructive to him. Consequently, he ought to have total trust on nursing staff for his quick recuperation (Anthony, 2000x; May, 2000). For Mr. X, chances of inside recuperation process were irrelevant in light of the fact that because of his age he would not have the option to comprehend outcomes of his conduct. Dreary relationship between patients experience and social conditions, including endeavors and uplifting disposition of me and other staff individuals from the ward, had helped in improving state of Mr. X. Wellbeing and nursing staff were certain about the improvement of the patients with mental disease like Mr. X. This idealistic methodology of the staff individuals had helped in expanding certainty level and trust in recuperation of Mr. X (Roberts Wolfson, 2004; Repper and Perkins, 2003). It would be useful for me handle such conditions in increasingly compelling and proficient manner. I would develop myself in giving mediation to such intellectually sick patients by conversation with senior individuals from the clinic, concentrating more investigations and including myself in the quantity of studies. This frequency had helped me to build my certainty level in taking care of more instances of mental and mental patients. I would accomplish more research on comparable kinds of cases and study it cautiously. I would talk about these cases with my seniors to get their view on these cases. I would offer types of assistance to such patients by incorporating information, abilities, research, methods and experience. Finish of reflection: From this occasion it was obvious that there ought to be arrangement of discrete ward for the intellectually sick patients. It would be useful in a tough situation to different patients in the ward. Morevoer, there ought to be enrollment of particular staff individuals in the administration of intellectually sick patients. It was acceptable that, me and other staff individuals had overseen instance of Mr. X in legitimate manner to quiet him. Else, it would have been troublesome situation to control in the ward, in the event that he would have not been constrained by the current staff individuals. I, alongside other staff individuals had dealt with this instance of Mr. X in light of the fact that as indicated by our medical clinic wellbeing strategy we ought not leave persistent on his/her condition. It is duty of each staff part to comply with the principles and guidelines of the arrangement of the emergency clinic. The executives ought to improve this arrangement by revising the eme rgency clinic approach. In the medical clinic approach, there ought to be arrangement for welcoming master from different clinics in the event of crisis (Goel, 2010; Peters, 2016). Activity plan: I ought to likewise take a shot at improving my appearance capacities. I should rehearse appearance in number of cases. Reflection and evaluation of the nursing practice would be useful to manage the antagonistic conditions. It would be useful for me to confront any case decisively. Next time, I would ask individual patients in the ward to direction such inadmissible conduct of the patients. Scarcely any patients may be agreeable to impart their sentiments to different patients when contrasted with the medical caretaker and medicinal services staff. It would be useful for the medical caretaker like me to quiet the patient and lessen trouble on me. Understanding: I dealt with the circumstance viably and took care of the circumstance as indicated by rules and guidelines (Grace, 2013). I took care of this circumstance, without a specialist in the field on the grounds that in our medical clinic there is no master for mental and mental wellbeing. This episode showed me a great deal and it gave me opportunity to survey myself in taking care of unfavorable conditions. I comprehended that these experience can not be picked up in homeroom educating. Or maybe such ongoing encounters can educate. I discovered that my productive correspondence, inspirational mentality and all encompassing methodology helped me to deal with this condition (Thresyamma, 2005). However, I ran over such frequencies just because, I gained aptitudes and capacity to deal with such unfriendly conditions structure my coach. I used to watch him acutely while taking care of such conditions. Because of medical clinic approach, there was no different game plan accessible for the administration of intellectually sick patients. Subsequently, these patients ought to be conceded in a similar ward alongside different patients. Most significant taking in for me from this occurrence was that, correspondence is most significant factor for the administration of the patients with dementia. Making acknowledgment is significant for such patients on the grounds that these patients used to overlook the greater part of the things. Mindfulness had helped me to construct correspondence with the patients. I would rehearse mindfulness more since it is apparent that mindfulness is valuable device for overseeing intellectually sick patients. For the administration of intellectually sick patients, it is a lot of required to comprehend their emotions and conduct. Mindfulness would supportive to get understanding of the intellectually sick patients and reflect decidedly as indicated by their b

Simple Experiments in Scientific Research

Simple Experiments in Scientific Research Basics Print Simple Experiments in Scientific Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 13, 2019 Sam Edwards / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming A simple experiment is one researchers often use to determine if changes in one variable might lead to changes in another variableâ€"in other words, to establish cause-and-effect.  In a simple experiment looking at the effectiveness of a new medication, for instance, study participants may be  randomly assigned to one of two groups: one of these would be the control group and receive no  treatment, while the other group would be the experimental group that receives the treatment being studied. The Elements of a Simple Experiment A simple experiment is composed of several key elements: The Experimental Hypothesis: This is a  statement that predicts that the treatment will cause an effect and so will always be phrased as a cause-and-effect statement. For example, researchers might phrase a hypothesis in this way: Administration of Medicine A will result in a reduction of symptoms of Disease B.The Null Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis that the experimental treatment will have no effect on the participants or dependent variables. Its important to note that failing to find an effect of the treatment does not mean that there is no effect. The treatment might impact another variable that the researchers are not measuring in the current experiment.The Independent Variable:  The treatment variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.The Dependent Variable: This refers to the response the researchers are measuring.The Control Group:  These are the  individuals who are randomly assigned to a group but do not receive the treatment. The measurements taken from the control group will be compared to those in the experimental group to determine if the treatment had an effect.The  Experimental Group:  This group of study participants is made up of the randomly-selected subjects who will receive the treatment being tested.   Determining the Results of a Simple Experiment Once the data from the simple experiment has been gathered, researchers then compare the results of the experimental group to those of the control group to determine if the treatment had an effect. Due to the always-present possibility of errors, its not possible to be 100 percent sure of the relationship between two variables. There might be unknown variables at play that influence the outcome of the experiment, for example. Despite this challenge, there are ways to determine if there most likely is a meaningful relationship. To do this, scientists use inferential statisticsâ€"a branch of science that deals with drawing inferences about a population based on measures taken from a representative sample of that population. The key to determining if a treatment had an effect is to measure the statistical significance. Statistical significance shows that the relationship between the variables is probably not due to mere chance and that a real relationship most likely exists between the two variables. Statistical significance is often represented like this:p 0.05A p-value of less than .05 indicates that the  results likely are due to chance and that the probability of obtaining these results would be less than 5 percent. There are a number of different means of measuring statistical significance. The one used will depend on the type of research design that was used for the experiment.

The Issue Of Legal Same Sex Unions - 842 Words

Few know the issue of legal same sex unions first made news nearly 20 years ago. The Defense of Marriage Act was originally enacted in 1996, but has only been in the spotlight the past few years. Now, another hot topic issue about gender and lifestyle has found its way to mainstream media reports. The issue of gender reassignment has reached fever pitch levels, with Bruce Jenner transitioning to Caitlyn Jenner. Social media, daytime talk shows, and late night TV devoted countless hours to discussion of issues such as â€Å"what is a hero†, â€Å"will Caitlyn be treated differently as a woman, or a man†, and â€Å"can Jenner expect a lower paycheck as a female versus a male†? But, the one topic that has not received any airplay is the way transgender issues are treated during a divorce. In Jenner’s case, the divorce from Kris Jenner took place before the transformation. However, this is not always the case, and because it is not always the case the topic de serves a mention. There is scant little legal precedent for issues of transgender divorces. The first known case is out of Arizona, and involved a man who was born as a woman. In 2012 Thomas Beatie filed for divorce, as a man. The facts, and legal issues included: ââ€"  Beatie, who was born a woman, had undergone some procedures to transition from female to male. However, the procedure for reassignment of reproductive organs had not taken place. ââ€"  Beatie has obtained a legal decision that declared him male. ââ€"  Despite the legal definition ofShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Definition Of Marriage Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesIn Australia marriage is the union between a women and a man, in the eyes of the law couples of the same sexual orientation is not considered a marriage. In this report it will contain the legal definition of marriage, the current legislation, the legal issues surrounding the law, foreign marriages and how to impact Australia, the rights of the stake holders, the social issues surrounding marriage, political ideas and views of marriage, the evaluation of the law, concluding with recommendation asRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is The Legal Union Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesClick here to access FREE course materials and tests. Products ï‡ ³Home ï‡ ¶Research ï‡ µDrive ï‡ ´Answers About Company Legal Site Map Contact Advertise ï‡ º ï‡ ¼ ï‡ ½  ©2015 StudyMode.com Home Same-sex marriage Same Sex Marriage Same Sex Marriage Civil union, Homosexuality, Marriage By kwhite89 Mar 16, 2015 1510 Words 56 Views More info ï„” PDF View TextRead MoreGay Marriage Should be Legal Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pages There can be no question about the definition of marriage. There is considerable evidence form history, the origins of the word, and even its current legal use. Yet, somehow there is still tension and confusion surrounding the issue of same-sex marriage. As the debate intensifies, emotional ones quickly replace rational thoughts. Lately, homosexuals carry out most of the fight for the right to be married. Of course, there are several other situations, in which people attempt to challenge traditionalRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesCanada is not the first country in the world to address whether and how to legally recognize same-sex unions. Indeed, Canada is coming to the debate later than many countries. Several countries have debated this issue for many years and have come up with a variety of approaches, ranging from same-sex marriage in the Netherlands to the legal recognition of domestic partners, registered partnerships and civil unions in Scandinavia, parts of Europe and parts of the United States. 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Essay on Monkey See, Monkey Do - 757 Words

Violence in media today is almost as common as a teenage girl knowing the name of the actor Channing Tatum. In America, we practically grow up on movies that display countless acts of violence against one another. This is a major way in which human society as a whole has changed from growing up in an environment with a lot of real life violence sporadically around the world, to having some sort of physical conflict involved in every movie or TV show. In the past there have been several cases where people have seen a violent action through a media source and then tried carrying out an action similar to the one seen, except in real life. This is proof to an existence of the presence of violence having an impact on certain viewers. Violence†¦show more content†¦Although they viewed the video multiple times, there must have been some sort of mental sickness for the two teenagers to commit an act like this. It will never be proven that the movie was truly responsible but you have to wonder, if the movie weren’t made, would Bill Savage be dead right now? To make Bok’s case, she cites the legal action that was taken in this case: if you refer the film to a product and something goes wrong with the product then the makers are held responsible. This ruling is huge in the verdict for having unrestricted amounts of violence in a production and should make them think twice about the content which they are displaying. On the flip side to this there is another view in which a certain level of violence is actually beneficial to the viewer. Author Gerard Jones in his article titled â€Å"Violent media is good for kids† exhibits this perspective of violence at a certain level actually teaching kids to be strong and unafraid. This view comes from a personal experience where the author was able to overcome things that held him back as a child such as being afraid, unsocial, and unconfident in himself. I see where someone could find that kind of urge to be self-confident after watching a movie such as The Incredible Hulk, but if that same movie leads a teenager to commit a crime, then it is not worth it. A kid can find some other way to conquer his fears such as finding friends or going to his or her parents for help on howShow MoreRelatedThe Weirdest Creature Of Nature Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pagesanimals. As of today, in compare to other animals monkey is the weirdest animal that I feel. The monkeys are the most common animals that everyone knows about it very well. They might never think of monkey as I am going to describe today. I have been reading about monkeys and heard lot of stories about monkeys since my school days. However, I have experienced many things and did lot of funs with this animal monkeys. ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ There are three reasons that monkeys are the weirdest animals. 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It is always unpredictable toRead MoreThe Redemption of a Trickster800 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal interests to promote the greater good of others. Although Monkey exhibits the former very often throughout â€Å"The Monkey’s Story†, he is severely lacking in the latter. He constantly emphasizes his self-importance and his undeniable superiority over both his lowly monkey subjects and the divine beings of Heaven, including the Jade Emperor. If the first definition provided for â€Å"hero† is the only one to be considered, Monkey most definitely does embody the archetype of the hero, but with the

Biblical Archaeology Dating Techniques Free Essays

string(219) " as thinning of stands, resin-gathering, fire damage, and other traumas such as severe weather effects, pollution or lightning damage, not to mention shaping of the wood at the time of construction and decay afterward\." As our civilization grows, there is also a growing passion for knowledge of the past. Archaeology is fast becoming one of the popular sciences. Most archeological finds are composed of shreds of pottery or ceramics. We will write a custom essay sample on Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now As archeology and modern science progress many dating techniques are being developed to be used on these fragile artefacts in order to give us a brief glimpse of our past. Many techniques are now available which allow the detailed physical and chemical characterization of ceramic artefacts. Given a suitable archaeological sample it is now possible to determine many aspects of technology, provenance, and, in some cases, its use. Several dating techniques used in archeology are superposition, artifacts of known age, stratigraphy, dendrochronology and thermoluminescence. This paper shall focus on Ceramic Analysis using three of these techniques: Dendrochronology, Radiocarbon dating and Thermoluminescence. Carbon 14 Radiocarbon dating or Carbon-14 dating is the determination of the approximate age of an ancient object, such as an archaeological specimen, by measuring the amount of carbon 14 it contains. Radiocarbon dating was discovered by a team of scientists led by Prof. Willard Libby of the University of Chicago after World War II. Since plants and animals take up carbon-14 during their lifetime. The amount of carbon-14 in them exists in equilibrium with the C14 concentration of the atmosphere and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. As soon as a plant or animal dies, they cease the metabolic function of carbon uptake; there is no replenishment of radioactive carbon, only decay. This rate of decay was calculated by Libby’s team to be 5568 years per half-life, this means that half the C14 in the original sample will have decayed after 5568 years and after another 5568 years, half of that remaining material will have decayed, and so on. This rate of decay is what is now know as Libby’s half-life which he measured at 5568 ±30 years. The true advantage of the radiocarbon method is its capability to be uniformly applied throughout the world , this is probably the primary reason why it is one of the most widely used and best-known absolute dating methods. However, it is not without its flaws, radiocarbon dating has the following limitations: 1. that after 10 half-lives there is a very small amount of radioactive carbon present in a sample, at about 50,000-60,000 years radiocarbon dating becomes inaccurate. 2. the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the atmosphere is not constant. This variation is due to changes in the intensity of the cosmic radiation bombardment of the Earth, the 1950’s nuclear testing and the depletion of the Ozone layer. 3. in rare cases, a â€Å"reservoir effect† will give C-14 dates that are much older than the true age of the sample because â€Å"some plants and animals live in very unusual environments whose C-14 content is much lower than normal. † 4. Contamination of the sample also limits the accuracy of Radiocarbon dating as when porous samples contain recently living material with a full â€Å"charge† of C-14. Finally, Radiocarbon dating can only be used on living organisms. Dendrochronology Dendrochronology is the science that uses tree rings dated to their exact year of formation to analyze temporal and spatial patterns of processes in the physical and cultural sciences. Its main function in archaeology is to use tree rings to date when timber was felled, transported, processed, or used for construction or wooden artefacts such as a beam or pole of an ancient structure. The principle behind using tree-rings is that â€Å"tree-ring sequences from trees that grow in a seasonal climate, i. e. , with one growth increment per year, with the size of that growth dependent upon some climatic stimulus such as cold in the Polar regions, drought in the Aegean, and various combinations of the two stimuli in regions in between, can be compared so that these increments, more popularly known as â€Å"rings,† can be dated to the calendar year in which they were formed. † Aside from the principle of using tree-rings, the use of Dendrochronology is governed by several other principles, these set of scientific rules must be adhered to in order for the result to be flawless. There is the Uniformitarian Principle which states that â€Å"physical and biological processes that link current environmental processes with current patterns of tree growth must have been in operation in the past,† the Principle of Limiting Factors which states that â€Å"rates of plant processes are constrained by the primary environmental variable that is most limiting,† The Principle of Aggregate Tree Growth which states that â€Å"any individual tree-growth series can be â€Å"decomposed† into an aggregate of environmental factors, both human and natural, that affected the patterns of tree growth over time,† The Principle of Ecological Amplitude stating that a specie of trees â€Å"may grow and reproduce over a certain range of habitats, referred to as its ecological amplitude,† the Principle of Sites Selection which states that â€Å"hat sites useful to dendrochronology can be identified and selected based on criteria that will produce tree- ring series sensitive to the environmental variable being examined,† the Principle of Cross-dating which states that â€Å"matching patterns in ring widths or other ring characteristics (such as ring density patterns) among several tree-ring series allow the identification of the exact year in which each tree ring was formed. † and the Principle of Replication which states â€Å"that the environmental signal being investigated can be maximized, and the amount of â€Å"noise† minimized, by sampling more than one stem radius per tree, and more than one tree per site,† the application of which is not limited to Dendrochronology only. The methodology used in Dendrochronology is cross-dating, or matching patterns of ring-growth from one tree to another and assigning rings to specific years, however, this possible only among trees growing in the same general climatic region. The good thing about dendrochronology on the other hand, is that cross-dating can sometimes be achieved in spite of human interference to ring-growth such as thinning of stands, resin-gathering, fire damage, and other traumas such as severe weather effects, pollution or lightning damage, not to mention shaping of the wood at the time of construction and decay afterward. You read "Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques" in category "Papers" Furthermore, visual and statistical techniques are employed to guarantee the accuracy of the matches and in addition to simple ring-width analysis, X-ray densitometric methods are used to reconstruct past environmental conditions. It is also possible that wood or charcoal samples taken from standing buildings or excavated from archaeological sites be crossdated with each other and with wood from living trees to extend the tree-ring chronology beyond the date of the oldest ring of the oldest living tree in the region. Scientists believe that the best advantage of dendrochronology is that it is the only archaeometric technique where determination of absolute dates accurate to the year is either theoretically or practically possible, but, just like any other method of dating artefacts, it suffers from several limitations. The following limits the use or accuracy of Dendrochronology: 1. in some areas of the world, particularly in the tropics, the species available do not have sufficiently distinct seasonal patterns that can be used 2. in cases where the right species are available, the wood must be well enough preserved that the rings are readable to the point that there must be at least 30 intact rings on any one sample. 3. in order to produce an accurate result, it is necessary to have samples of timber that retained their bark, so that it is clear which ring was the outermost when it was felled. 4. it can only be used if there is an existing master strip for that area and species; if the only master chronology available for the region is oak, cross-matching with timbers of these other species cannot be relied on. 5. use of this technique is also limited on how far back in the past things can be dated with tree rings although bristle cone pine trees can live to 9,000 years, this is a very rare phenomenon. 6. â€Å"sapwood is highly susceptible to decay particularly by beetle larvae and as a â€Å"result all sapwood may have been removed from the accessible surfaces of timbers during building repairs and conservation work, making it impossible to determine when the timber was felled. † 7. it may give inaccurate results on the actual date of the structure if it so happens that the date the timber was felled is not necessarily the date that the building was constructed or that the timber used was imported from another area. 8. in some places, prehistoric people may have built their structures using timber however, in most of the world that did not begin to happen until about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago. Thermoluminiscence Thermoluminescence dating is the determination by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose of the time elapsed since the material containing crystalline minerals was either heated or exposed to sunlight. The application ranges from â€Å"Lower Paleolithic to Neolithic archaeological sites, with a major focus on the Middle Paleolithic, which is often beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. † The principle behind this unique dating technique is based on the â€Å"storage of information about the absorbed radiation in inorganic crystals. † It is based on structural damage and faults to the crystal lattice of minerals by ionizing radiation. The sources for this omnipresent radiation are radioactive nuclides from the surrounding sediment and from the sample itself, as well as secondary cosmic rays. Thus a radiation dose accumulates in the crystal in the form of electrons in excited states, of which some are metastable and thus resident over periods of time long enough to allow a dating application. During the first heating of the artefact, if the temperature is high enough (400 ° C), the drainage is sufficient to relax all electrons relevant to the luminescence method used; that is, the clock is set to zero and through the years it starts to accumulate natural radiation, upon its second heating it releases all this stored radiation in terms of thermoluminescent light. The released light is then correlated to the absorbed radiation which is then correlated to the archeological age. In practice, knowledge of the composition of the artefact is of importance since the nature or chemical composition of it, as explained above, determines the amount of natural radioisotopes present in it. These natural radioisotopes are responsible for the greater part of the radiation that is absorbed. If the composition of the artefact is known, then the archeological age of the artefact can be computed by using the â€Å"total amount of absorbed radiation divided by the absorbed dose through internal and external radiation per year. † The greatest advantage of Thermoluminescence dating over other methods is not only the direct association of the event with past human activity on a linear time scale, but also its smaller vulnerability to unknown variation of certain parameters. However, Thermoluminescence dating is still prone to errors and inaccuracies. The evaluation and publishing of results must be done with due care and must meet with certain standards which includes the presentation of glow curves, heating- and DE-plateaus, growth curve(s) and the determination of the alpha sensitivity of each sample. Also, equal care has to be taken in the evaluation of parameters prone to variation with time. Conclusion Each of the three dating techniques discussed has its own peculiar way of finding the archaeological era that a sample was created or may have died: Radiocarbon depends on decay, Dendrochronology depends upon growth and thermoluminescence depends upon absorption. The three techniques however different they may be are still connected by a linear timeline, when the accuracy of one technique ends, another begins. Dendrochronology can only be used as long as there are master strips which may reach only up to a maximum of 9,000 years old, results obtained through Radiocarbon, on the other hand, can only be accurate up to 50,000-60,000 years old while Thermoluminescence dating ranges from 10,000 to 230,000 years old. The three dating techniques discussed have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the end, the scientist is the one who weighs all the pro’s and the con’s of any technique and he is given the discretion on what technique to use which he thinks is more appropriate and shall give out more accurate findings. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berger, Thomas. Thermoluminescence Dating: A Brief Overview. http://www. ati. ac. at/~vanaweb/papers/archview. pdf Fagan, Brian M. and George H. Michaels. Dating Techniques in Archaeology. http://www. mc. maricopa. edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/archy/dating/datingtech. html#Dendrochronology Freestone, Ian. Ceramic Analysis. http://ads. ahds. ac. uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaoccpap/pdf/117/11710001. pdf Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. Principles of Dendrochronology. http://web. utk. edu/~grissino/principles. htm Higham, Thomas. The Method. http://www. c14dating. com/int. html Hirst, Kris K. Radiocarbon Dating Method. http://archaeology. about. com/od/rterms/g/radiocarbon. htm Kuniholm, Peter Ian. Dendrochronology. http://www. arts. cornell. edu/dendro/ajatext. html Richter, Daniel. Advantages and Limitations of Thermoluminescence of Heated Flint from Paleolithic Sites. http://www. eva. mpg. de/evolution/staff/richter/pdf/07-RichterGeoarchaeology. pdf Robinson, B. A. How does Carbon-14 Dating (C-14) Work? Is it Accurate and Reliable?. http://www. religioustolerance. org/c14dats. htm Taylor, Jonathan. Dendrochronology in Dating Timber Framed Building and Structures. http://www. buildingconservation. com/articles/dendrochron/dendro. htm How to cite Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques, Papers

Ionic Reactions Lab Essay Example

Ionic Reactions Lab Paper Ocean County College Department of Chemistry Chem 180 Lab 5: Ionic Reactions Submitted by Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to work with aqueous solutions of ionic substances. Aqueous solutions are those solutions in which water is the solvent. When ionic substances are dissolved in water, the ions separate and become surrounded by water molecules. The focus of this experiment is on precipitates. The goal of this experiment is to study the nature of ionic reactions, write balanced equations, and to write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions. A detailed view of the results can be found in the table below. Cations used: Barium, Copper, Iron, Sodium, Cobalt, Nickel Anions used: Nitrate, Carbonate, Chloride, Hydroxide, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Iodide, Phosphate Questions A Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text. B Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? Yes, I feel like my results were comparable to the rules on the table in the chemistry text. C Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Most salts of carbonate: CO 2-, phosphate: PO 3-, oxalate: C2O4 2-, chromate, CrO4 2-, sulfide: S 2-, and most metal hydroxides and oxides. Exceptions include alkali metal hydroxides and Ba(OH)2. D Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? See solubility table/rules below Salts of nitrate: NO3-, chlorate: ClO3-, perchlorate: ClO4-, acetate: CH3CO2-, almost all salts of Cl-, Br-, I-, Salts of sulfate: SO4 2-. E Which cations generally do not form precipitates? We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cations of group 1 and 2 have few insoluble salts, so they do not form precipitate. F Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the well numbers of the precipitates you chose for your equations. 1) Well D3 Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) 2) Well A7 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na(NO2)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+(aq) + OH- (aq) ( Co(OH)2 (s) 3) Well C5 Balanced: Fe(NO3)3 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Fe 2+ (aq) + 3 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 3 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Fe 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) ) Well E5 Balanced: Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2HCO3 (aq) ( Ni(HCO3)2 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ( Ni(HCO3)2 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ni 2+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ( Na(HCO3)2 (s) 5) Well D7 Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) 6) Well B2 Balanced: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + NaI (aq) ( CuI (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + I- (aq) ( CuI (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + I- (aq) ( CuI (s) 7) Well B6 Balanced: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) 8) Well A1 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + Na3PO4 (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) + Na3(NO3)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 3 Na+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) + 3 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) 9) Well C1 Balanced: Fe(NO3)2 (aq)+ Na3PO4 (aq) ( FePO4 (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Fe 3+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 3 Na+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( FePO4 (s) + 3 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Fe 3+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( FePO4 (s) 10) Well E6 Balanced: Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ni 2+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) Experimental Results: Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |NK | |Light Precipitate |Precipitate Pink |Precipitate | | | | |NK |Pink | |Dark Green | |Precipitate | | | | | | | |Purple | | | | | | | |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |Precipitate Yellow |NK |NK |Light Precipitate |Precipitat e Green |Precipitate | |Precipitate Green | | | |Green | |Blue | |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |Gold |NK |NK |Yellow |Precipitate Yellow |Precipitate | |Precipitate Yellow | | | | | |Yellow | |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |Precipitate White |NK |Light Precipitate |Precipitate White |Light Precipitate | |Precipitate White | | | |White | | | |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |NK |NK |Light Precipitate |Light Precipitate |Light Precipitate | |Precipitate Tan | | | |Grey |Tan |Tan |