Famous Creative Thinkers Presentation Essay Example for Free

Renowned Creative Thinkers Presentation Essay Renowned Creative Thinkers Presentation I pick Carl Sagan as one of the individuals that I felt has given an extraordinary commitment to the world. Carl Sagan was conceived in Brooklyn, New York the child of an outsider specialist from the Russian Empire. Name after his mother’s mother. Carl had a sister and his mom was defensive of him. Carl’s mother was not par's place to fit in the public activity, so she was confined. At the point when his folks took him to the New York World Fair, Carl was so energized when he saw the internment of a period container, stars and different shows that would prompt his curiosity about the world. Further down the road Carl and others would fabricate time cases, yet these eventual conveyed into space for other living things to discover and they would contain Carl’s recollections structure the world reasonable. Carl’s guardians helped his developing enthusiasm for science by getting him books about science and science sets. He wanted to peruse the books about sci-fi stories, by scholars, for example, H. G. Wells and Edgar Rice Burroughs, they made his creative mind considerably more out of control his about whether there was life on different planets, for example, Mars, Jupiter and Venus. Carl went to the University of Chicago and got his unhitched males and was a piece of the Ryerson Astronomical Society. He got his Bachelors of Science in Physics, a Master of Science in material science and a PhD In astronomy and stargazing. Carl was denied residency at Harvard, in view of his logical support, being broadly advanced. Carl Sagan was an extraordinary stargazer, cosmologist, creator, astrophysicist, science communicator, and science popularizer. In light of his incredible requests with respect to what did what and why Carl thought about if there was genuinely life outside of the earth. He was the first to really make the principal messages that were sent into space. He examined the earth, stars, planets, he made messages that he thought could be comprehended by the extraterrestrials. He had more than 600 articles distributed thatâ were logical and composed or co-wrote in excess of 20 books. The honor winning arrangement named Cosmos was likewise via Carl Sagan. He was a teacher in space science at the University of Cornell; he was a piece of the NASA as a consultant. In light of the Cosmos individuals had the option to all the more likely relate and comprehend Carl’s thoughts regarding the value of humankind. Carl did his reasoning the most ideal way that he knew and that was to do it his way. On account of Carl they had the option to become familiar with the high surface temperature on the planet Venus, was because of the dryness. He was additionally the first to consider Saturn’s moon Titan may have contains fluids on a superficial level and that the Jupiter’s moon Europa may have seas. Carl did sorted out research on such activities as Near Earth Objects, he formed the Deflection Dilemma, which would avoid a space rock away from the Earth, and afterward it could be conceivable to redirect it back to the earth. During his profession Sagan would be particularly reprimanded with regards to his sufficiency, when it came to extraterrestrial life. Carl wanted to ask individuals to listen utilizing radio telescopes to check whether they could hear signals from space that could assist him with demonstrating that there were other living things. Because of the absence of conviction call expressed an appeal and had the option to get 70 researchers to sign it supporting the SETI that was additionally distributed in his diary of Science. Carl would later proceed to clarify his speculations and use science to uncover them to the world. His life power was committed to science. Under President Regan down-poured there was to be a Strategic Defense Initiative, that would cost billions of dollars yet it would build up a safeguard against atomic rocket assaults, a Carl was against this since he felt that there was no genuine method to do this and by doing so would unbalance the Soviet Union and United States settling on progress in the arms understanding. There was a trial called : The Nevada Desert Experience† is the place Carl would later be captured twice for climbing a fence at the dissent at the Nevada Test Site so as to challenge the administration for utilizing test destinations that were testing in the Nuclear weapons and they where they were leading the explosions. Carl was likewise noted as a free soul and intellectual. References Whitehouse, David (October 15, 1999). Carl Sagan: An actual existence in the universe. BBC News (BBC). Recovered August 30, American National Biography Online, Carl Sagan. Wikipedia, The free reference book Bansky is the second individual that I decide to compose on. Bansky is an exceptionally imaginative craftsman that did road and divider spray painting, painter, movie executive and political lobbyist. Nobody truly knew is genuine name or when he was conceived. He was the child of an expert, was conceived in Bristol England. Initially he was prepared to be a butcher. Some state that his work is like that of Blek le Rat. Bansky was dazzled by a craftsman known as 3D who was an individual from a gathering called Massive Attack. Bansky shows his craft to people in general yet he doesn't sell photograph illustrations are propagations of his work. His first film was called Exit through the Gift Shop was a debacle. His specialty is a piece of the Bristol Underground Scene. He like the way that stencils would assist with utilizing less an ideal opportunity to finish an undertaking. Bansky avoided the police while utilizing stencils as a spread while he made his work. There was an announcemen t to be made in every single one of Bansky’s craftsmanships. Bansky works are typically all enemy of something. He didn't affirm of the way that individuals thought about workmanship on surfaces as spray painting. He needed to show that it was genuine craftsmanship and begin to do painting and other such workmanship on open structure and open spots. Bansky, did his first show in Los Angeles at the 33 1/3 Gallery and the display called Existentialism, later he would create such displays like Turf Wars, Monet’s Water Lily Pond, Barely Legal, and Bansky impact. The Bansky impact is a method of labeling as well as utilizing workmanship to communicate things and making zones more splendid and wonderful to take a gander at. There is anything but a specific procedure Bansky utilized whatever he thought to be utilize full at that point. Bansky workmanship has been referred to be thought as a method of vengeance for the underclass. To label a mother people craftsmanship is impolite, and speaks to them removing force or domain and not maintaining the standards. Bansky’s works can be so extraordinary yet delightful when he does his specialty despite the fact that it is viewed as spray painting it is excellent. He built up an amount of farce British cash notes, where the head was not the Queens but rather the Princess Dianaâ⠂¬â„¢s and text was transformed from the Bank of England to Bansky of England. In spite of the fact that they were not genuine notes today they are of extraordinary worth. Bansky additionally was liable for nine representations on a bank divider in Palestine on the Israeli’s West Bank. Bansky has a flare to make a joke of unified force, also express that force can neutralize you. At the point when it came to legislative issues, Bansky was believed to be hostile to one party rule, against government, against free enterprise, hostile to dictatorship, agnosticism, existentialism and turmoil. Bansky utilized pictures and visual as a way to make his craftsmanship. I felt that h could have made his work progressively sensible by not adding things to make the genuine scene a joke. Be that as it may, when there is a craftsman they can just put what they feel is their style of workmanship. Bansky was likewise liable for Money Bart of the Simpsons. I didn't perceive any scholarly references. Bansky’s workmanship was denied from craftsmanship and performers. References Inventive ThinkersBanksy makes new Simpsons title grouping. BBC Banksy, Street Art Cult Hero, International Man of Mystery. The Village Voice./Wikipedia, The free reference book

Reflection and Practice Gibb’s Model Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Reflection and Practice Gibbs Model Guides. Answer: Presentation: Gibbs model aides reflection when taking care of a circumstance. This model is useful in separating the circumstance into occasions and individual reactions. This reflection cycle is the connection between gaining from an earlier time and future arranging. Gibbs intelligent cycle prompts medical caretakers to think in an orderly manner about each period of the training. Experience is significant for learning, anyway medical caretakers should think continually and ponder it, for development by and by. It is additionally valuable in understanding specific rate. Thus, it is useful to comprehend the rate in better manner and there are odds of enlargement in the quality next time. Situation: This article is about Mr. X (65 yrs.). He was admitted to the ward two days before because of manifestations of dementia and his sporadic and inadmissible conduct towards his relatives and companions. I had been throughout the previous 5 years as a private medical attendant in the ward for mental ailments. I normally used to show up grinding away by 7 a.m. I used to help more established patients in the ward in their every day exercises of the morning meeting. These incorporate utilization of toilets and restroom. Today additionally, I was occupied with these normal assignments. While playing out these exercises, I experienced Mr. X. Before conversing with him; I had gone through around 30 minutes in the ward. During this time, he was exceptionally tranquil and lying on his bed. I asked him, regardless of whether he required help for the utilization of the latrine and restroom. Rather than reacting to me, he began mishandling me and my associates. Out of nowhere, he got up from his b ed and began talking uproariously and he was moving his both the hands quick. He was attempting to hurt me genuinely, anyway I got away securely. From the earlier night he had been enquiring about his better half. In any case, his significant other passed on three years back because of a respiratory failure. He was over and again saying that staff individuals were not permitting him to meet his better half. In this troublesome circumstance additionally I kept my nerves cool and with the help of ranking staff part, I persuaded him. I hold his turn in my grasp and mentioned him to quiet down. I mentioned senior individuals from my staff to converse with him and shellfish down him. I did this by listening cautiously to him. I didn't furious with him. I let him know, I needed to support him. I requested that he be progressively agreeable. He didn't need me to remind his significant other, so I concurred. Reflection: Feelings At first, I had complex sentiments during the episode. I was reevaluating about my language, regardless of whether I had utilized wrong words. I felt humiliated because of that rate and I was vexed. I felt that, I had upset him. I was thinking, he was showing upset conduct because of me. Because of this episode, different patients in the ward additionally become upset. Different patients may be imagining that I didn't give legitimate treatment to Mr. X. These patients may be thinking, I utilized presumptuous words to Mr. X, subsequently he got aggravated and carried on as he did. My emotions became upsetting on the grounds that, I made him review his dead spouse. I was scared at the hour of episode; anyway I resisted the urge to panic around then and took care of the circumstance in an expert way. I didn't leave the patient in his upset conditions (Roberts and Dyer, 2004). My sentiments were acceptable and I was fulfilled in light of the fact that I picked up trust in dealing with su ch a circumstance viably. My sentiments were totally unique in relation to the emotions toward the beginning of episode. A definitive was sure. Mr. X consented to utilize the latrine and restroom. Consummation of these morning meeting exercises of Mr. X was significant in light of the fact that it can assist with making him stable and to improve his solace level (Baillie, 2005). Assessment: The beneficial thing about this experience was, I followednursing gauges and qualities in an expert and moral manner. The awful thing about the occurrence was, I got abuse from the patient. Patients getting into mischief withnursing and social insurance staff, who were taking such huge numbers of endeavors for physical and mental prosperity of the patients. Another awful thing about the frequency was, different patients in the ward likewise got upset because of this rate. Examination: I could detect that, others may have taken care of this frequency with various methodology. My methodology of taking care of this frequency was equitable way. I listened his sentiments cautiously and took him in certainty. Others may have taken care of this occurrence in progressively absolutist manner. They may have taught him to play out his normal exercises like latrine and washroom use. Such kind of demeanor may have misrepresented the circumstance. This may have lead to aggravation to different individuals in the ward. Different individuals from the staff were responded emphatically to this circumstance. My seniornursing staff and ward kid had helped me to quiet down Mr. X and to take him to latrine and washroom use. (Corrigan et al., 2005). Other staff individuals had attempted to support him and furthermore had attempted to improve his conviction innursing and social insurance staff. They had disclosed to him that nursing staff implied for prosperity of the patients and they w ould do nothing destructive to him. Consequently, he ought to have total trust on nursing staff for his quick recuperation (Anthony, 2000x; May, 2000). For Mr. X, chances of inside recuperation process were irrelevant in light of the fact that because of his age he would not have the option to comprehend outcomes of his conduct. Dreary relationship between patients experience and social conditions, including endeavors and uplifting disposition of me and other staff individuals from the ward, had helped in improving state of Mr. X. Wellbeing and nursing staff were certain about the improvement of the patients with mental disease like Mr. X. This idealistic methodology of the staff individuals had helped in expanding certainty level and trust in recuperation of Mr. X (Roberts Wolfson, 2004; Repper and Perkins, 2003). It would be useful for me handle such conditions in increasingly compelling and proficient manner. I would develop myself in giving mediation to such intellectually sick patients by conversation with senior individuals from the clinic, concentrating more investigations and including myself in the quantity of studies. This frequency had helped me to build my certainty level in taking care of more instances of mental and mental patients. I would accomplish more research on comparable kinds of cases and study it cautiously. I would talk about these cases with my seniors to get their view on these cases. I would offer types of assistance to such patients by incorporating information, abilities, research, methods and experience. Finish of reflection: From this occasion it was obvious that there ought to be arrangement of discrete ward for the intellectually sick patients. It would be useful in a tough situation to different patients in the ward. Morevoer, there ought to be enrollment of particular staff individuals in the administration of intellectually sick patients. It was acceptable that, me and other staff individuals had overseen instance of Mr. X in legitimate manner to quiet him. Else, it would have been troublesome situation to control in the ward, in the event that he would have not been constrained by the current staff individuals. I, alongside other staff individuals had dealt with this instance of Mr. X in light of the fact that as indicated by our medical clinic wellbeing strategy we ought not leave persistent on his/her condition. It is duty of each staff part to comply with the principles and guidelines of the arrangement of the emergency clinic. The executives ought to improve this arrangement by revising the eme rgency clinic approach. In the medical clinic approach, there ought to be arrangement for welcoming master from different clinics in the event of crisis (Goel, 2010; Peters, 2016). Activity plan: I ought to likewise take a shot at improving my appearance capacities. I should rehearse appearance in number of cases. Reflection and evaluation of the nursing practice would be useful to manage the antagonistic conditions. It would be useful for me to confront any case decisively. Next time, I would ask individual patients in the ward to direction such inadmissible conduct of the patients. Scarcely any patients may be agreeable to impart their sentiments to different patients when contrasted with the medical caretaker and medicinal services staff. It would be useful for the medical caretaker like me to quiet the patient and lessen trouble on me. Understanding: I dealt with the circumstance viably and took care of the circumstance as indicated by rules and guidelines (Grace, 2013). I took care of this circumstance, without a specialist in the field on the grounds that in our medical clinic there is no master for mental and mental wellbeing. This episode showed me a great deal and it gave me opportunity to survey myself in taking care of unfavorable conditions. I comprehended that these experience can not be picked up in homeroom educating. Or maybe such ongoing encounters can educate. I discovered that my productive correspondence, inspirational mentality and all encompassing methodology helped me to deal with this condition (Thresyamma, 2005). However, I ran over such frequencies just because, I gained aptitudes and capacity to deal with such unfriendly conditions structure my coach. I used to watch him acutely while taking care of such conditions. Because of medical clinic approach, there was no different game plan accessible for the administration of intellectually sick patients. Subsequently, these patients ought to be conceded in a similar ward alongside different patients. Most significant taking in for me from this occurrence was that, correspondence is most significant factor for the administration of the patients with dementia. Making acknowledgment is significant for such patients on the grounds that these patients used to overlook the greater part of the things. Mindfulness had helped me to construct correspondence with the patients. I would rehearse mindfulness more since it is apparent that mindfulness is valuable device for overseeing intellectually sick patients. For the administration of intellectually sick patients, it is a lot of required to comprehend their emotions and conduct. Mindfulness would supportive to get understanding of the intellectually sick patients and reflect decidedly as indicated by their b

Simple Experiments in Scientific Research

Simple Experiments in Scientific Research Basics Print Simple Experiments in Scientific Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 13, 2019 Sam Edwards / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming A simple experiment is one researchers often use to determine if changes in one variable might lead to changes in another variableâ€"in other words, to establish cause-and-effect.  In a simple experiment looking at the effectiveness of a new medication, for instance, study participants may be  randomly assigned to one of two groups: one of these would be the control group and receive no  treatment, while the other group would be the experimental group that receives the treatment being studied. The Elements of a Simple Experiment A simple experiment is composed of several key elements: The Experimental Hypothesis: This is a  statement that predicts that the treatment will cause an effect and so will always be phrased as a cause-and-effect statement. For example, researchers might phrase a hypothesis in this way: Administration of Medicine A will result in a reduction of symptoms of Disease B.The Null Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis that the experimental treatment will have no effect on the participants or dependent variables. Its important to note that failing to find an effect of the treatment does not mean that there is no effect. The treatment might impact another variable that the researchers are not measuring in the current experiment.The Independent Variable:  The treatment variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.The Dependent Variable: This refers to the response the researchers are measuring.The Control Group:  These are the  individuals who are randomly assigned to a group but do not receive the treatment. The measurements taken from the control group will be compared to those in the experimental group to determine if the treatment had an effect.The  Experimental Group:  This group of study participants is made up of the randomly-selected subjects who will receive the treatment being tested.   Determining the Results of a Simple Experiment Once the data from the simple experiment has been gathered, researchers then compare the results of the experimental group to those of the control group to determine if the treatment had an effect. Due to the always-present possibility of errors, its not possible to be 100 percent sure of the relationship between two variables. There might be unknown variables at play that influence the outcome of the experiment, for example. Despite this challenge, there are ways to determine if there most likely is a meaningful relationship. To do this, scientists use inferential statisticsâ€"a branch of science that deals with drawing inferences about a population based on measures taken from a representative sample of that population. The key to determining if a treatment had an effect is to measure the statistical significance. Statistical significance shows that the relationship between the variables is probably not due to mere chance and that a real relationship most likely exists between the two variables. Statistical significance is often represented like this:p 0.05A p-value of less than .05 indicates that the  results likely are due to chance and that the probability of obtaining these results would be less than 5 percent. There are a number of different means of measuring statistical significance. The one used will depend on the type of research design that was used for the experiment.

The Issue Of Legal Same Sex Unions - 842 Words

Few know the issue of legal same sex unions first made news nearly 20 years ago. The Defense of Marriage Act was originally enacted in 1996, but has only been in the spotlight the past few years. Now, another hot topic issue about gender and lifestyle has found its way to mainstream media reports. The issue of gender reassignment has reached fever pitch levels, with Bruce Jenner transitioning to Caitlyn Jenner. Social media, daytime talk shows, and late night TV devoted countless hours to discussion of issues such as â€Å"what is a hero†, â€Å"will Caitlyn be treated differently as a woman, or a man†, and â€Å"can Jenner expect a lower paycheck as a female versus a male†? But, the one topic that has not received any airplay is the way transgender issues are treated during a divorce. In Jenner’s case, the divorce from Kris Jenner took place before the transformation. However, this is not always the case, and because it is not always the case the topic de serves a mention. There is scant little legal precedent for issues of transgender divorces. The first known case is out of Arizona, and involved a man who was born as a woman. In 2012 Thomas Beatie filed for divorce, as a man. The facts, and legal issues included: ââ€"  Beatie, who was born a woman, had undergone some procedures to transition from female to male. However, the procedure for reassignment of reproductive organs had not taken place. ââ€"  Beatie has obtained a legal decision that declared him male. ââ€"  Despite the legal definition ofShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Definition Of Marriage Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesIn Australia marriage is the union between a women and a man, in the eyes of the law couples of the same sexual orientation is not considered a marriage. In this report it will contain the legal definition of marriage, the current legislation, the legal issues surrounding the law, foreign marriages and how to impact Australia, the rights of the stake holders, the social issues surrounding marriage, political ideas and views of marriage, the evaluation of the law, concluding with recommendation asRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is The Legal Union Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesClick here to access FREE course materials and tests. Products ï‡ ³Home ï‡ ¶Research ï‡ µDrive ï‡ ´Answers About Company Legal Site Map Contact Advertise ï‡ º ï‡ ¼ ï‡ ½  ©2015 StudyMode.com Home Same-sex marriage Same Sex Marriage Same Sex Marriage Civil union, Homosexuality, Marriage By kwhite89 Mar 16, 2015 1510 Words 56 Views More info ï„” PDF View TextRead MoreGay Marriage Should be Legal Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pages There can be no question about the definition of marriage. There is considerable evidence form history, the origins of the word, and even its current legal use. Yet, somehow there is still tension and confusion surrounding the issue of same-sex marriage. As the debate intensifies, emotional ones quickly replace rational thoughts. Lately, homosexuals carry out most of the fight for the right to be married. Of course, there are several other situations, in which people attempt to challenge traditionalRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesCanada is not the first country in the world to address whether and how to legally recognize same-sex unions. Indeed, Canada is coming to the debate later than many countries. Several countries have debated this issue for many years and have come up with a variety of approaches, ranging from same-sex marriage in the Netherlands to the legal recognition of domestic partners, registered partnerships and civil unions in Scandinavia, parts of Europe and parts of the United States. Although some of these approachesRead MoreEssay on Same-Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized1238 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Human Rights Campaign, the 2000 Census reported 3.1 million people in the United States of America were living in same sex relationships. These citizens reside in 99.3 percent of the counties across the nation and it is estimated that between 1 and 9 million children are being raised by gay, bisexual or lesbian parents (Human Rights Campaign). These individuals are American citizens protected by the United States Constitution. Article 14.1 of the United States Constitution entitlesRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal Defense And Education Fund Supports Same Sex Marriage?1085 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial issues, one of which is legalizing same-sex marriage. In their article, â€Å"Talking About the Freedom to Marry: Why Same-Sex Couples Should Have Equality in Marriage,† the Lambda Legal Defe nse and Education Fund supports same-sex marriage. An opposing view, is given by Robert P. George, a Princeton University professor. In his article, â€Å"The 28th Amendment: It Is Time to Protect Marriage, and Democracy, in America,† he explains why he is against same-sex marriage. The Lambda Legal Defense andRead MoreLegal Issues For Gay And Lesbian Adoption And Parental Rights1626 Words   |  7 PagesDATE: October 13, 2015 RE: Legal Issues for Gay and Lesbian Adoption and Parental Rights Issue Although adoption can be difficult for any single person or married couple, adoption for the gay and lesbian population presents a unique set of challenges both societal and legal. Whether constitutional or not, special rules apply to same gay and lesbian adoption. Under current legislation, is same sex adoption fully legal and how do the laws on the subject measure with regardRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Lesbian Couples1451 Words   |  6 Pagesmarry even if they are upstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. One common problem that plagues gay and lesbian couples that are denied the right to marry is their inability to claim their partner’s social security after he or she has died. The Human Rights Campaign, which workRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians1447 Words   |  6 Pagesmarry even if they are upstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. One common problem that plagues gay and lesbian couples that are denied the right to marry is their inability to claim their partner’s social security after he or she has died. The Human Rights Campaign, which work toRead MoreChanges Law Of Same Sex Marriage1624 Words   |  7 PagesChanges Law of Same Sex â€Æ' The issue of gay marriage has been with a great deal of civil argument. Many people have taken stands that favour their position on the issue of same sex marriage. The reasons given against same sex marriage are that they are not according to the social norms and practices. They also state that they are not likely to hold. The position held by others that same sex marriage should be allowed states that those who want to practice should not be interfered with. Too many

Essay on Monkey See, Monkey Do - 757 Words

Violence in media today is almost as common as a teenage girl knowing the name of the actor Channing Tatum. In America, we practically grow up on movies that display countless acts of violence against one another. This is a major way in which human society as a whole has changed from growing up in an environment with a lot of real life violence sporadically around the world, to having some sort of physical conflict involved in every movie or TV show. In the past there have been several cases where people have seen a violent action through a media source and then tried carrying out an action similar to the one seen, except in real life. This is proof to an existence of the presence of violence having an impact on certain viewers. Violence†¦show more content†¦Although they viewed the video multiple times, there must have been some sort of mental sickness for the two teenagers to commit an act like this. It will never be proven that the movie was truly responsible but you have to wonder, if the movie weren’t made, would Bill Savage be dead right now? To make Bok’s case, she cites the legal action that was taken in this case: if you refer the film to a product and something goes wrong with the product then the makers are held responsible. This ruling is huge in the verdict for having unrestricted amounts of violence in a production and should make them think twice about the content which they are displaying. On the flip side to this there is another view in which a certain level of violence is actually beneficial to the viewer. Author Gerard Jones in his article titled â€Å"Violent media is good for kids† exhibits this perspective of violence at a certain level actually teaching kids to be strong and unafraid. This view comes from a personal experience where the author was able to overcome things that held him back as a child such as being afraid, unsocial, and unconfident in himself. I see where someone could find that kind of urge to be self-confident after watching a movie such as The Incredible Hulk, but if that same movie leads a teenager to commit a crime, then it is not worth it. A kid can find some other way to conquer his fears such as finding friends or going to his or her parents for help on howShow MoreRelatedThe Weirdest Creature Of Nature Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pagesanimals. As of today, in compare to other animals monkey is the weirdest animal that I feel. The monkeys are the most common animals that everyone knows about it very well. They might never think of monkey as I am going to describe today. I have been reading about monkeys and heard lot of stories about monkeys since my school days. However, I have experienced many things and did lot of funs with this animal monkeys. ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ There are three reasons that monkeys are the weirdest animals. To begin with,Read MoreThe Monkeys Are New World Monkeys1559 Words   |  7 PagesCapuchin monkeys are New World Monkeys, part of the subfamily cebinae. They predominantly live in Central and South America. To be more concise, they live in Neotropical forests, which includes swamp forests, flooded forests, and more. Usually these monkeys inhabit the center parts of the forest but will go anywhere from the top to the understory. Capuchin monkeys’ physical features are unique among New World Monkeys. Their lifespan is generally more than 50 years and their weight anywhere betweenRead MorePrimate Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesMarlene Martinez Anthropology 101 May 17, 2014 Zoo Assignment Monkeys and humans have been compared for years, we have all heard the expression â€Å"Monkey see, Monkey do†. Analyzing individual primates at the Santa Ana Zoo was quite an experience because when I use to hear monkeys I use to only picture one certain appearance and that was a brown monkey with a light brown face, and a long tail. Moneys are not just monkeys, humans aren’t just humans, and apes aren’t just apes they are all primatesRead MoreE Comes Running Towards Me Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesoutside area. She climbs the big box and holds the monkey bar with both her hands. She looks towards me and says, â€Å"Look,† and gently hops off the big box. E starts swinging on the monkey bars. She looks towards the second bar and leaves her right hand from the first bar and holds the second bar. Then she leaves her left hand from the first monkey bar and holds the second monkey bar. E repeats the same procedure till she reaches the seventh (last) monkey bar. E lets go both her hands and both her feetRead MoreThe Monkey and the Turtle (BLaan Version)1468 Words   |  6 PagesThe Monkey and the Turtle (B’laan Version) (Region 12) One morning, a monkey and a turtle who were close friends talked about their situation. After a while, the monkey said, Lets go to the forest and make a trap for wild pigs. The turtle agreed. When they came upon a dakit tree, they saw the tracks of wild pigs. Lets make a trap here. said the turtle, pointing to a base of the tree. No, lets make one trap up the tree because pigs go there and gather fruit, said the monkey. No, letsRead MoreWhat Are Capuchin Monkeys Are Well Known For Their Brains1309 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Capuchin Monkeys are well known for their brains, their intelligence is considered to be the most agile in all of the new world primates. They can be seen up in the trees of Central and South America. This is where their geological preference to live is, up high in trees and they are very superb at doing so. Their ability to survive is phenomenal despite all of the shortcomings that are all possible to face in the wild. From their unique fur colorization, their fur isRead MoreThe Traits Of Non Human Primates1662 Words   |  7 PagesSquirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and Western Gorillas (Gorilla Gorillas), I try to find out their characteristics, pattern of their behavior, and differences between these two primate species. Especially, characteristics and behavior such as social interaction, food acquisition and intelligence will be discussed and compared in this paper. In order to enhance the persuasiveness of my observation, I recorded and examined at least 25 disti nct characteristics of both Common Squirrel Monkeys and WesternRead MoreThe Monkey and Crocodile886 Words   |  4 PagesThe Monkey and the Crocodile Monkey loved to play and swing in the forest canopy. It was not only his home, but it was his stage as well. He could move quickly through and around it like the cheetah that raced on the savannah. But Monkey showed his speed and agility not on the land like swift Cheetah, but rather, high above it. It is in leafy trees that Monkey lived, ate, and played. He traveled by running along the branches and gracefully leaping from tree to tree. Monkey provided entertainmentRead MoreThe Monkey King Character Changes1326 Words   |  6 Pages20 September 2016 Mr. Ainscough Grade 10 English 2A Monkey King Character Changes â€Å"Character isn’t something that you were born with and can’t change†¦ [Character is] something you must take responsibility in forming,† said famous author Jim Rohn. This is shown in American Born Chinese, written by Gene Luen Yang, with the Monkey King. The Monkey King shows his true malleability as a character as he has drastic personality changes throughout the course of the book. It is always unpredictable toRead MoreThe Redemption of a Trickster800 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal interests to promote the greater good of others. Although Monkey exhibits the former very often throughout â€Å"The Monkey’s Story†, he is severely lacking in the latter. He constantly emphasizes his self-importance and his undeniable superiority over both his lowly monkey subjects and the divine beings of Heaven, including the Jade Emperor. If the first definition provided for â€Å"hero† is the only one to be considered, Monkey most definitely does embody the archetype of the hero, but with the

Biblical Archaeology Dating Techniques Free Essays

string(219) " as thinning of stands, resin-gathering, fire damage, and other traumas such as severe weather effects, pollution or lightning damage, not to mention shaping of the wood at the time of construction and decay afterward\." As our civilization grows, there is also a growing passion for knowledge of the past. Archaeology is fast becoming one of the popular sciences. Most archeological finds are composed of shreds of pottery or ceramics. We will write a custom essay sample on Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now As archeology and modern science progress many dating techniques are being developed to be used on these fragile artefacts in order to give us a brief glimpse of our past. Many techniques are now available which allow the detailed physical and chemical characterization of ceramic artefacts. Given a suitable archaeological sample it is now possible to determine many aspects of technology, provenance, and, in some cases, its use. Several dating techniques used in archeology are superposition, artifacts of known age, stratigraphy, dendrochronology and thermoluminescence. This paper shall focus on Ceramic Analysis using three of these techniques: Dendrochronology, Radiocarbon dating and Thermoluminescence. Carbon 14 Radiocarbon dating or Carbon-14 dating is the determination of the approximate age of an ancient object, such as an archaeological specimen, by measuring the amount of carbon 14 it contains. Radiocarbon dating was discovered by a team of scientists led by Prof. Willard Libby of the University of Chicago after World War II. Since plants and animals take up carbon-14 during their lifetime. The amount of carbon-14 in them exists in equilibrium with the C14 concentration of the atmosphere and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. As soon as a plant or animal dies, they cease the metabolic function of carbon uptake; there is no replenishment of radioactive carbon, only decay. This rate of decay was calculated by Libby’s team to be 5568 years per half-life, this means that half the C14 in the original sample will have decayed after 5568 years and after another 5568 years, half of that remaining material will have decayed, and so on. This rate of decay is what is now know as Libby’s half-life which he measured at 5568 ±30 years. The true advantage of the radiocarbon method is its capability to be uniformly applied throughout the world , this is probably the primary reason why it is one of the most widely used and best-known absolute dating methods. However, it is not without its flaws, radiocarbon dating has the following limitations: 1. that after 10 half-lives there is a very small amount of radioactive carbon present in a sample, at about 50,000-60,000 years radiocarbon dating becomes inaccurate. 2. the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the atmosphere is not constant. This variation is due to changes in the intensity of the cosmic radiation bombardment of the Earth, the 1950’s nuclear testing and the depletion of the Ozone layer. 3. in rare cases, a â€Å"reservoir effect† will give C-14 dates that are much older than the true age of the sample because â€Å"some plants and animals live in very unusual environments whose C-14 content is much lower than normal. † 4. Contamination of the sample also limits the accuracy of Radiocarbon dating as when porous samples contain recently living material with a full â€Å"charge† of C-14. Finally, Radiocarbon dating can only be used on living organisms. Dendrochronology Dendrochronology is the science that uses tree rings dated to their exact year of formation to analyze temporal and spatial patterns of processes in the physical and cultural sciences. Its main function in archaeology is to use tree rings to date when timber was felled, transported, processed, or used for construction or wooden artefacts such as a beam or pole of an ancient structure. The principle behind using tree-rings is that â€Å"tree-ring sequences from trees that grow in a seasonal climate, i. e. , with one growth increment per year, with the size of that growth dependent upon some climatic stimulus such as cold in the Polar regions, drought in the Aegean, and various combinations of the two stimuli in regions in between, can be compared so that these increments, more popularly known as â€Å"rings,† can be dated to the calendar year in which they were formed. † Aside from the principle of using tree-rings, the use of Dendrochronology is governed by several other principles, these set of scientific rules must be adhered to in order for the result to be flawless. There is the Uniformitarian Principle which states that â€Å"physical and biological processes that link current environmental processes with current patterns of tree growth must have been in operation in the past,† the Principle of Limiting Factors which states that â€Å"rates of plant processes are constrained by the primary environmental variable that is most limiting,† The Principle of Aggregate Tree Growth which states that â€Å"any individual tree-growth series can be â€Å"decomposed† into an aggregate of environmental factors, both human and natural, that affected the patterns of tree growth over time,† The Principle of Ecological Amplitude stating that a specie of trees â€Å"may grow and reproduce over a certain range of habitats, referred to as its ecological amplitude,† the Principle of Sites Selection which states that â€Å"hat sites useful to dendrochronology can be identified and selected based on criteria that will produce tree- ring series sensitive to the environmental variable being examined,† the Principle of Cross-dating which states that â€Å"matching patterns in ring widths or other ring characteristics (such as ring density patterns) among several tree-ring series allow the identification of the exact year in which each tree ring was formed. † and the Principle of Replication which states â€Å"that the environmental signal being investigated can be maximized, and the amount of â€Å"noise† minimized, by sampling more than one stem radius per tree, and more than one tree per site,† the application of which is not limited to Dendrochronology only. The methodology used in Dendrochronology is cross-dating, or matching patterns of ring-growth from one tree to another and assigning rings to specific years, however, this possible only among trees growing in the same general climatic region. The good thing about dendrochronology on the other hand, is that cross-dating can sometimes be achieved in spite of human interference to ring-growth such as thinning of stands, resin-gathering, fire damage, and other traumas such as severe weather effects, pollution or lightning damage, not to mention shaping of the wood at the time of construction and decay afterward. You read "Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques" in category "Papers" Furthermore, visual and statistical techniques are employed to guarantee the accuracy of the matches and in addition to simple ring-width analysis, X-ray densitometric methods are used to reconstruct past environmental conditions. It is also possible that wood or charcoal samples taken from standing buildings or excavated from archaeological sites be crossdated with each other and with wood from living trees to extend the tree-ring chronology beyond the date of the oldest ring of the oldest living tree in the region. Scientists believe that the best advantage of dendrochronology is that it is the only archaeometric technique where determination of absolute dates accurate to the year is either theoretically or practically possible, but, just like any other method of dating artefacts, it suffers from several limitations. The following limits the use or accuracy of Dendrochronology: 1. in some areas of the world, particularly in the tropics, the species available do not have sufficiently distinct seasonal patterns that can be used 2. in cases where the right species are available, the wood must be well enough preserved that the rings are readable to the point that there must be at least 30 intact rings on any one sample. 3. in order to produce an accurate result, it is necessary to have samples of timber that retained their bark, so that it is clear which ring was the outermost when it was felled. 4. it can only be used if there is an existing master strip for that area and species; if the only master chronology available for the region is oak, cross-matching with timbers of these other species cannot be relied on. 5. use of this technique is also limited on how far back in the past things can be dated with tree rings although bristle cone pine trees can live to 9,000 years, this is a very rare phenomenon. 6. â€Å"sapwood is highly susceptible to decay particularly by beetle larvae and as a â€Å"result all sapwood may have been removed from the accessible surfaces of timbers during building repairs and conservation work, making it impossible to determine when the timber was felled. † 7. it may give inaccurate results on the actual date of the structure if it so happens that the date the timber was felled is not necessarily the date that the building was constructed or that the timber used was imported from another area. 8. in some places, prehistoric people may have built their structures using timber however, in most of the world that did not begin to happen until about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago. Thermoluminiscence Thermoluminescence dating is the determination by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose of the time elapsed since the material containing crystalline minerals was either heated or exposed to sunlight. The application ranges from â€Å"Lower Paleolithic to Neolithic archaeological sites, with a major focus on the Middle Paleolithic, which is often beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. † The principle behind this unique dating technique is based on the â€Å"storage of information about the absorbed radiation in inorganic crystals. † It is based on structural damage and faults to the crystal lattice of minerals by ionizing radiation. The sources for this omnipresent radiation are radioactive nuclides from the surrounding sediment and from the sample itself, as well as secondary cosmic rays. Thus a radiation dose accumulates in the crystal in the form of electrons in excited states, of which some are metastable and thus resident over periods of time long enough to allow a dating application. During the first heating of the artefact, if the temperature is high enough (400 ° C), the drainage is sufficient to relax all electrons relevant to the luminescence method used; that is, the clock is set to zero and through the years it starts to accumulate natural radiation, upon its second heating it releases all this stored radiation in terms of thermoluminescent light. The released light is then correlated to the absorbed radiation which is then correlated to the archeological age. In practice, knowledge of the composition of the artefact is of importance since the nature or chemical composition of it, as explained above, determines the amount of natural radioisotopes present in it. These natural radioisotopes are responsible for the greater part of the radiation that is absorbed. If the composition of the artefact is known, then the archeological age of the artefact can be computed by using the â€Å"total amount of absorbed radiation divided by the absorbed dose through internal and external radiation per year. † The greatest advantage of Thermoluminescence dating over other methods is not only the direct association of the event with past human activity on a linear time scale, but also its smaller vulnerability to unknown variation of certain parameters. However, Thermoluminescence dating is still prone to errors and inaccuracies. The evaluation and publishing of results must be done with due care and must meet with certain standards which includes the presentation of glow curves, heating- and DE-plateaus, growth curve(s) and the determination of the alpha sensitivity of each sample. Also, equal care has to be taken in the evaluation of parameters prone to variation with time. Conclusion Each of the three dating techniques discussed has its own peculiar way of finding the archaeological era that a sample was created or may have died: Radiocarbon depends on decay, Dendrochronology depends upon growth and thermoluminescence depends upon absorption. The three techniques however different they may be are still connected by a linear timeline, when the accuracy of one technique ends, another begins. Dendrochronology can only be used as long as there are master strips which may reach only up to a maximum of 9,000 years old, results obtained through Radiocarbon, on the other hand, can only be accurate up to 50,000-60,000 years old while Thermoluminescence dating ranges from 10,000 to 230,000 years old. The three dating techniques discussed have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the end, the scientist is the one who weighs all the pro’s and the con’s of any technique and he is given the discretion on what technique to use which he thinks is more appropriate and shall give out more accurate findings. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berger, Thomas. Thermoluminescence Dating: A Brief Overview. http://www. ati. ac. at/~vanaweb/papers/archview. pdf Fagan, Brian M. and George H. Michaels. Dating Techniques in Archaeology. http://www. mc. maricopa. edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/archy/dating/datingtech. html#Dendrochronology Freestone, Ian. Ceramic Analysis. http://ads. ahds. ac. uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaoccpap/pdf/117/11710001. pdf Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. Principles of Dendrochronology. http://web. utk. edu/~grissino/principles. htm Higham, Thomas. The Method. http://www. c14dating. com/int. html Hirst, Kris K. Radiocarbon Dating Method. http://archaeology. about. com/od/rterms/g/radiocarbon. htm Kuniholm, Peter Ian. Dendrochronology. http://www. arts. cornell. edu/dendro/ajatext. html Richter, Daniel. Advantages and Limitations of Thermoluminescence of Heated Flint from Paleolithic Sites. http://www. eva. mpg. de/evolution/staff/richter/pdf/07-RichterGeoarchaeology. pdf Robinson, B. A. How does Carbon-14 Dating (C-14) Work? Is it Accurate and Reliable?. http://www. religioustolerance. org/c14dats. htm Taylor, Jonathan. Dendrochronology in Dating Timber Framed Building and Structures. http://www. buildingconservation. com/articles/dendrochron/dendro. htm How to cite Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques, Papers

Ionic Reactions Lab Essay Example

Ionic Reactions Lab Paper Ocean County College Department of Chemistry Chem 180 Lab 5: Ionic Reactions Submitted by Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to work with aqueous solutions of ionic substances. Aqueous solutions are those solutions in which water is the solvent. When ionic substances are dissolved in water, the ions separate and become surrounded by water molecules. The focus of this experiment is on precipitates. The goal of this experiment is to study the nature of ionic reactions, write balanced equations, and to write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions. A detailed view of the results can be found in the table below. Cations used: Barium, Copper, Iron, Sodium, Cobalt, Nickel Anions used: Nitrate, Carbonate, Chloride, Hydroxide, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Iodide, Phosphate Questions A Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text. B Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? Yes, I feel like my results were comparable to the rules on the table in the chemistry text. C Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Most salts of carbonate: CO 2-, phosphate: PO 3-, oxalate: C2O4 2-, chromate, CrO4 2-, sulfide: S 2-, and most metal hydroxides and oxides. Exceptions include alkali metal hydroxides and Ba(OH)2. D Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? See solubility table/rules below Salts of nitrate: NO3-, chlorate: ClO3-, perchlorate: ClO4-, acetate: CH3CO2-, almost all salts of Cl-, Br-, I-, Salts of sulfate: SO4 2-. E Which cations generally do not form precipitates? We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cations of group 1 and 2 have few insoluble salts, so they do not form precipitate. F Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the well numbers of the precipitates you chose for your equations. 1) Well D3 Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) 2) Well A7 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na(NO2)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+(aq) + OH- (aq) ( Co(OH)2 (s) 3) Well C5 Balanced: Fe(NO3)3 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Fe 2+ (aq) + 3 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 3 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Fe 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) ) Well E5 Balanced: Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2HCO3 (aq) ( Ni(HCO3)2 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ( Ni(HCO3)2 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ni 2+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ( Na(HCO3)2 (s) 5) Well D7 Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) 6) Well B2 Balanced: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + NaI (aq) ( CuI (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + I- (aq) ( CuI (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + I- (aq) ( CuI (s) 7) Well B6 Balanced: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) 8) Well A1 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + Na3PO4 (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) + Na3(NO3)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 3 Na+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) + 3 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) 9) Well C1 Balanced: Fe(NO3)2 (aq)+ Na3PO4 (aq) ( FePO4 (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Fe 3+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 3 Na+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( FePO4 (s) + 3 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Fe 3+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( FePO4 (s) 10) Well E6 Balanced: Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ni 2+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) Experimental Results: Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |NK | |Light Precipitate |Precipitate Pink |Precipitate | | | | |NK |Pink | |Dark Green | |Precipitate | | | | | | | |Purple | | | | | | | |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |Precipitate Yellow |NK |NK |Light Precipitate |Precipitat e Green |Precipitate | |Precipitate Green | | | |Green | |Blue | |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |Gold |NK |NK |Yellow |Precipitate Yellow |Precipitate | |Precipitate Yellow | | | | | |Yellow | |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |Precipitate White |NK |Light Precipitate |Precipitate White |Light Precipitate | |Precipitate White | | | |White | | | |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |NK |NK |Light Precipitate |Light Precipitate |Light Precipitate | |Precipitate Tan | | | |Grey |Tan |Tan |

Free Essays on CIF Contract

Introduction C.I.F. stands for "Cost Insurance and Freight" In fact; this contract imposes a variety of duties to the seller. In general this contract is known as a contract for sale and shipment of goods to the agreed destination. As far as the payment is regarded, it must be made against the production of the appropriate documents according to the contract. So, in case of CIF contract the seller undertakes more obligation than the buyer. All these obligations and duties of the both parties will be examined below. The Duties of the Seller  · To ship the goods according to the contract;  · To arrange for carriage of the goods;  · To arrange insurance;  · To make out invoice to the buyer;  · To tender these documents to the buyer; However, the seller must ship the goods, which means that the seller is obliged to ship the goods to the appropriate place and on the exact date. At this point the seller has the full responsibility to determine exactly the time and the place, when and where he has placed the goods on the port. Also, he is obliged to nominate the vessel. Further, the seller has to arrange for carriage of the goods, which means that the buyer does not possess the right to sue the carrier for the breach of the contract (he is not a party of the contract). If the property in the goods has not passed to the buyer then his right to sue for any damages to the goods is not completed. So, this means that in CIF contracts the buyer does not has the right to sue the carriage for the damages. As far as the documents are regarded, the seller must tender to the buyer an invoice, a clean shipped bill of lading and an insurance policy. These documents are very important because the buyer will pay the price in exchange for the documents, and it is crucial that they are accurate. If the documents are not accurate it will cause delays and other legal problems. Even more important for CIF is that the bill of lading is the ... Free Essays on CIF Contract Free Essays on CIF Contract Introduction C.I.F. stands for "Cost Insurance and Freight" In fact; this contract imposes a variety of duties to the seller. In general this contract is known as a contract for sale and shipment of goods to the agreed destination. As far as the payment is regarded, it must be made against the production of the appropriate documents according to the contract. So, in case of CIF contract the seller undertakes more obligation than the buyer. All these obligations and duties of the both parties will be examined below. The Duties of the Seller  · To ship the goods according to the contract;  · To arrange for carriage of the goods;  · To arrange insurance;  · To make out invoice to the buyer;  · To tender these documents to the buyer; However, the seller must ship the goods, which means that the seller is obliged to ship the goods to the appropriate place and on the exact date. At this point the seller has the full responsibility to determine exactly the time and the place, when and where he has placed the goods on the port. Also, he is obliged to nominate the vessel. Further, the seller has to arrange for carriage of the goods, which means that the buyer does not possess the right to sue the carrier for the breach of the contract (he is not a party of the contract). If the property in the goods has not passed to the buyer then his right to sue for any damages to the goods is not completed. So, this means that in CIF contracts the buyer does not has the right to sue the carriage for the damages. As far as the documents are regarded, the seller must tender to the buyer an invoice, a clean shipped bill of lading and an insurance policy. These documents are very important because the buyer will pay the price in exchange for the documents, and it is crucial that they are accurate. If the documents are not accurate it will cause delays and other legal problems. Even more important for CIF is that the bill of lading is the ...

One Trip, Ten Opportunities

One Trip, Ten Opportunities My first press trip seemed glamorous – delicious food, eco-hotels, unique sights. Less glamorous, however, was my office when I returned – overflowing emails, unfinished queries, pressing deadlines. It didnt take long to finish the one article I wrote from that press trip, but it took more than a week to finish the neglected work; in the meantime my income dipped while I played catch up. 1. Your Assignment: Before you start extra pieces from a press trip, dont neglect the one piece youre expected to do. No matter how much inspiration you may have, it is vital to do your best work on the piece you know youll sell. 2. Airline Magazines: Airline magazines, found in every seat pocket, always seek new material that covers destinations along their routes. What better way to know youre covering a suitable destination than to cover the same location as your press trip? 3. Restaurant Reviews: Press guests are often treated to delicious meals at local specialty restaurants. Take careful notes of the menu, ambiance, and price ranges, and you can submit a review to local newspapers, regional magazines, or larger markets interested in niche restaurants. 4. Hotel Reviews: If your press trip includes accommodations in boutique hotels, bed-and-breakfast inns, or other unique places to stay, take notes to create reviews just as you do for local restaurants. Explore the hotel, poke into the fitness center, check out the pool, and sample any breakfast offerings, and youll be able to create an intimate article about the property. 5. Events: Even if your trip is a general visit, you can easily pick up brochures and community magazines covering festivals, concerts, fairs, theater productions, and more. Putting those details into a round up about the areas special events can give you another piece to sell to magazines or newspapers. 6. Culture: Most press trips include local guides or drivers who are an ideal resource for cultural insights into community quirks. Ask about unusual things you see, favorite hangouts, local history, language dialects, or other unique topics that can be turned into additional articles. 7. Trip Experiences: A press trip is filled with activities – Ive gone kayaking, visited museums, toured a coffee plantation and more – and each one can be a different article. Tips for first-time kayakers, museum etiquette, how coffee grows – each topic can bring a different paycheck. 8. Networking: While the professional connections you make may not lead immediately to more work, each new contact with an editor, photographer, or writer can connect to additional markets and expertise. Follow up with a nice to have met you note after the trip to remain memorable. 9. General Tips: Instead of narrowing your focus for more articles from the same trip, broaden your reach. General tips for first-time travelers to different destinations are hot topics for travel magazines and websites. 10. Recycling: Even if all you write is one article, that article can bring in ten paychecks if you sell it repeatedly. Clever rewriting can target one article for different, non-competing markets, lining up paycheck after paycheck for the same work. After each press trip I may still come home to extra emails and work to catch up on, but when I also come home with ten new ideas and opportunities for more writing, Ive never again come home to a dip in income that can tarnish the great fun the trip has been.

Trichomoniasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trichomoniasis - Essay Example This sexually transmitted disease is not reportable, so the epidemiologic data remains very difficult to obtain. However, it has been estimated that there are 5 million new cases in the United States each year, which is more than the sum of all cases of Chlamydia and gonococcal infections. The World Health Organization estimates that there is incidence of 173 million new infections of Trichomoniasis worldwide per year. This is also known as Trichomonas vaginitis. It is caused by the sexually transmitted, flagellated parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. The transmission rate is high; 70% of men contract the disease after a single exposure to an infected woman, which suggests that the rate of male-to-female transmission is even higher. The parasite, which exists only in trophozoite form, is an anaerobe that has the ability to generate hydrogen to combine with oxygen to create an anaerobic environment. It often accompanies bacterial vaginosis, which can be diagnosed in as many as 60% of pat ients with Trichomonas vaginitis (Cates, Jr., 1999, S2-S7). Risk Factors: There are certain risk factors that are associated with Trichomoniasis. These include all the risk factors for sexually transmitted infection acquisition. ... There is generally a longer duration of infectiousness and a high level of asymptomatic infections, especially in men. Many women with annual Pap smear examination have asymptomatic infections. This is responsible for 25% of all cases of clinically diagnosed vaginitis. More than half of infected women and nearly 90% of infected men are asymptomatic, which increases the reservoir of people spreading the infection. Trichomoniasis increases the risks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and HIV acquisition (Horowitz, Mrdh, eds., 1999). Infection: The primary mode of transmission of T. vaginalis is through sexual contact. Transmission by fomites is possible, but is rarely the cause of a symptomatic infection. An inoculums of at least 10,000 organisms is needed to establish a clinically significant infection. Male-to-female transmission rates are higher than female-to-male rates; about 85% of exposed women will contract the infection. Female-to-male transmission rates are more variable, but may be as high as 70% within 48 hours of exposure. Incubation period varied between 4 to 28 days. T. vaginalis resembles anaerobic bacteria more than eukaryotic behavior in that it ferments large amounts of carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and hydrogen gases, causing bubbles. Its presence in the vaginal vault changes the vaginal microbiology-the lactobacilli disappear and anaerobic bacteria predominant. T. vaginalis swims freely in the vaginal discharge but can also attach to the vaginal wall. The cell membranes of the parasite a nd those of the host interdigitate. Trichomonas adhere to vaginal and cervical epithelial cells. T. vaginalis also infects the urethra, Skene's glands, and Bartholin glands. The

Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon - Movie Review Example Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon From the Chinese cultural perspective, the theme of enlightenment refers to the empowerment and mastery into many realms, and in the context of this film, it involves detaching human attachments and achieving emptiness. This theme manifests through the two main characters of Li. The film contrasts the reality of human attachments and its significance in life with that of the emptiness which can lead to enlightenment. That is, the film views the human life as an illusion and detachment as the ultimate way to enlightenment. In the film, Li mentions his attachment to the world as an illusion thereby implying the need for emptiness for attaining the real enlightenment. According to this concept of emptiness, once a person is able to see or feel nothing of the world, then he/she can truly possess the things that are real, which would pave the way for enlightenment. This concept is similarly focused in the film, The Matrix, which represents enlightenment in a modern sci-fi dimension. The f ilm relies on the doctrine of Sunyata, or emptiness, which means everything in the world undergo constant suffering and so breaking free from it facilitates the soul to become enlightened. The director gracefully features the theme of love and even embraces a gentle romantic humanism as a result of failing emptiness. Although, as above-discussed emptiness can lead to enlightenment, when there are love feelings or attachments then emptiness is not possible thereby impeding enlightenment as well.

The role of prostitution in urbanization

The role of prostitution in urbanization When it comes down to is this: the grocer, the butcher, the baker, the merchant, the landlord, the druggist, the liquor dealer, the policeman, the doctor, the city father and the politician these are the people who make money out of prostitution, these are the real reapers of the wages of sin. This quote fairly explains that prostitution has been always an integral part of urbanization. More our society has advanced on the path of new technology and fresh cultural values more it has pushed itself to the increasing complexities of life. These complexities have lead to more complicated crimes and violence in the society and have given a new dimension to urbanization. The concept of urbanization and urbanism is quite controversial and has been an issue of debate between prominent Social scientists and Anthropologists. According to Beals, the term urbanization basically refers to the kind of assimilation in which people develop their urban ways of life, while Kinglsey Davis argued this term can be used as an characteristic of a social system (EamesGoode,1977). Further it could be concluded that urbanization has also lead to the study of Urban Anthropology. Anthropologists who were basically interested in study of natives and civilizations in the remote parts of the world shifted their attention to the new dynamics of city lives and the problems related to it (Basham,1978). This shift made the anthropologist to focus more on the unit of urban culture i.e. city. From 20th century onwards cities and its different social systems have been in prime focus of the Anthropologists (Wirth,1938).Definition of City as a whole became a topic of discussion and extensive debates. Wirth cited In the rich literature on the city we look in vain for a theory of urbanism presenting in a systematic fashion the available knowledge concerning the city as a social entity.(Wirth,1938:70). In his theory of urbanism, Wirth also talks about problems and dangers of a city life and how the amalgamation of different social relations and stratus have given rise to the em ergence of crime and violence. Prostitution is also claimed as illegal in different cities of the world though there is a much debate about whether prostitution can be really called as a crime or not (Sithannan,2006). Street prostitution and brothels are largely urban phenomena that are especially widespread in cities with large migrant male population.(Basham,1978:153). Many few countries of the world including India have adopted prostitution as legal. In India there is a huge flow of rural migrants to cities which has lead to lot of urban problems in cities(Singh,1997). Due to this huge rural migration most of the jobs are taken by men, while women are left with no choice but to adopt prostitution as their means of profession (Basham,1978). Cities of India have a huge number of female populations who are following prostitution as their profession. Hectic jobs and glamorous corporate life styles one of the basic features of urbanization has lead to a kind of sex starvation among the urban population(Sithannan,200 6). This has brought the role of prostitutes into limelight and has increased their demand in the society. Prostitution in different cities of India from Early to Modern Prostitution as a business is flourishing in different cities of India. Mumbai, Kolkata, Pune, Banaras, New Delhi and Nagpur are hubs of prostitution in India(Mandelbaum,1970). It is noticed that prostitution as a trend in more favorable in Indian cities rather than in villages (Sithannan,2006). The fact which is quite interesting about Indian prostitution is that from ancient times India has been following a system of prostitution in cities(Sanger,2006). These early cities possess unique characteristics of themselves and cannot be compared to the modern cities of the world (Smith,n.d). These early cities were particularly known as Nagars and were the core units of the important kingdoms from where all the governmental and economic affairs were controlled and regulated. There was a concept of Nagar vadhus or city brides in these early cities of India (Singh,1997). They were basically prostitutes serving the common mans sexual need and desires while kings had their own personal harem. This explains that prostitution as a phenomenon has also been a regular feature in the ancient cities of India. According to Arthashastra a famous ancient Indian manuscript a code of law was laid down on the prostitutes for their proper conduct in public(Sithannan,2006).This proves that prostitution in early cities was controlled and regulated by a proper system of law. Women in early cities of India had no rights on themselves and were basically considered the property of men (Sithannan,2006). Prostitutes acted as gifts of negotiations between kings and nobles in ancient days(Sanger,2006). Even during the British colonization in India, cities such as Kolkata and Mumbai were hubs of prostitution(Levine,2003). Many Indian women were captured and pushed into this profession for the entertainment of British officials and military men (Sanger,2006). The capital city of Goa, Panaji was under Portuguese domination during this time and had a small community of Japanese girls who were basically captured during war and were forced to prostitution by Portuguese officials (Aronowitz,2001). Many historical documents mentions about the dancing girls and the practice of Devdasi i.e. divine prostitution which is still followed in different parts of the countries.(Singh,1997) Prostitution has been a common trait in both the ancient and modern cities of India and is increasing in number with time (Aronowitz,2001).The main reason behind this is basically poverty, social dogmas and different mental and physical oppression on women(Sithannan,2006). The growth of urbanization in modern cities such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Banaras had also increased different kinds of prostitution( Ringdal,1997,2004). According to a survey there are 2.4 million women in Mumbai alone who has adopted prostitution as their profession. Nowadays particular streets and places in the cities are best known for availability of prostitutes there(Sithannan,2006). Places such as Shivdaspur in Banaras, Kalighat in Kolkata, G.B road in New Delhi and Kamathipura in Mumbai are quite famous as red-light areas of India. Prostitution as a profession has become more popular in this cities due to various reason. Women who are not well educated and suffer from acute poverty, this profession provides lot of money to sustain. More over most of the children of these prostitutes are forced to become a prostitute(Mandelbaum,1970). A survey conducted by Human right students in the year 2001 came up with an interesting data which shows that 30% of women in India ado pt prostitution before age of sixteen and are sold to brothels by their parents or guardians for huge ransom of money. Most number of sexworkers can be found in major cities rather than in rural areas(Basham,1978). Cities have more huge market for sex industry. Prostitution in religious cities of India In India there are many cities which are categorized as being religious cities of India. Such cities are basically judged by their functional roles and provide as pilgrimage destinations for Indians(Sengupta,2004). The examples of such cities are Haridwar, Banaras, Tirupathi and Madurai. A different form of prostitution exists in these cities of India. Though these cities are quite conservative in nature but they still have prostitutes working undercover in the society. A very unique kind of prostitution that prevails in Banaras is the widow whose husband had died early and is pushed to state of acute poverty and starvation had no choice left but to adopt prostitution as the only way of surviving(Eck,1982). These activities were carried out in very secretive way. Another kind of prostitutes that existed were called devdasis or jogans who work in temples and generally known as servant of gods(Singh,1997). In an ancient Indian writing Mricchakatika we find a love story between a prostitute and a Brahmin who used to worship in temples. These divine prostitutes are subjected to lot of sexual exploitation by the priests and wealthy individuals of the community(Singh,1997). Though prostitution also existed in the traditional and religious cities of India it was still considered as evil by the people(Sanger,2006). Social and religious constraints are one of the important factors behind the rise of prostitution in these cities of India(Tripathy Pradhan 2003). Hinduism have always considered women as the property of her father or husband or her brother and this is the main reason when these women lose their father or husband o brother they become vulnerable to the society and fall prey to the dark world of prostitution. Prostitution is also the result of religious stigma attached to the Indian women.(Barry,1995) Culture of poverty a reason behind prostitution in Indian cities. Poverty is one of the important key factors behind prostitution which is sometimes also defined as urban crisis (Eames Goode,1977). Anthropologists have done an extensive work on the study of poverty as a culture of urbanization. Oscar Lewis was the first one who focused on the concept of poverty in cities and did a huge work on the culture of poverty(Eames Goode,1977).It is interesting to note that one of the basic trends of study of urban anthropology is to focus on the problems related to urban social life and find means to overcome it. This was argued by Gulick who believed that poverty is not only a important factor in cities but also play a major role in rural areas of the country(Eames Goode,1977).Lewis suggested that poverty is a kind of culture rather than a phenomenon, where people who become poor follow certain way of life and trends which they pass on from one generation to another generation(Lewis,1966). This statement of Lewis was vehemently argued by Judith Goode who believed that there is no such culture of poverty and justifying poverty in a cultural basis is completely unacceptable (Goode,n.d). According to modern anthropologists the study on poverty have not been very full proof because most of the scholars have concentrated themselves in studying the downtrodden segment of the society only, without concentrating much on the sources of the culture of poverty(Basham,1978). This has provided opportunity for the new urban anthropologists to focus more on the sources and reasons behind poverty and also work on other aspects of the society which are caused due to poverty such as crime and prostitution. Poverty has been a very big problem for Indian society and has given birth to lot of health problems and crimes in different cities of India(Basham,1978). Ethnographers has noticed through Participant observations in their research in India that slums in cities are hubs of most of the problems giving rise to gang culture and crimes. These slums ha ve very low income rates, low hygiene and lower rate of education(Eames Goode,1977). It can be very well concluded that illiteracy and poverty together is giving rise to prostitution in different parts of the country. The differences of social status between people in cities are huge and it is this competition for survival that forces women and children to follow the path of prostitution(Barry,1979). This has also lead to a rise in huge number of sex transmitted diseases such as HIV(aids) among people. Many Non Governmental Organizations are working for the betterment of the health of sex workers in the cities and educating them more about the consequences of uncontrolled sex and measures to prevent it(Tripathy Pradhan 2003). Types of prostitution in Indian cities There are different kinds of prostitution that are prevalent in Indian cities. Some examples of this is the custom of Tawaif who are basically singers and dancers but are compelled to sexual activities for entertainment of their customers. There are also Call girls and Bar dancers and singers who fulfills sexual needs of their clients. Brothels in India are generally restricted to certain parts of the cities(Sithannan,2006). Interestingly enough brothels are considered illegal in India while there are not enough measures taken by the government officials to eradicate them(Mandelbaum,1970). This is due to abundance of political corruption which is basic traits of modern cities in India. City is considered as the birth place of political corruption (Basham,1978). Another traditional form of prostitution that had existed in Indian cities from old times is the system of Devdasi(Singh,1997). Many scholars have talked about a period in India where devdasi cult existed for a long time and was quite prominent with the people of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. According to this system girls from some selected and chosen families were donated to the temples of the Hindu gods where they used to serve as maids to the priests and powerful men of the community(Tripathy Pradhan 2003). They also provided them with sexual pleasure in the time of need. In return their families received social prestige and lots of money from these priests and powerful dignitaries. In modern India this system of devdasi has been abolished by the government though it still exists in the prominent cities of Karnataka(Tripathy Pradhan 2003). Poor families still donate their girls to temple in return of good ransom of money. These girls who are proclaimed as devdasis or servants of god are not allowed to get married throughout their lives. This form of Prostitution is actually known as Divine prostitution by many cultures around the world(Singh,1997). Human trafficking and Flesh trade is a major issue that India is facing today(Sithannan,2006). Due to huge form of Human trafficking in important cities of India there has been a growth of new kind of prostitution in India. India is surrounded by some of the countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan who are economically quite backward. Due to which there is a heavy flow of illegal migrants from these countries to the major cities of India. Huge number of women and children are allured and exported from these countries to India in exchange of lot of money. Later they are forced in prostitution by the dealers who have exported them from other countries. This whole system is operated by organized criminal group who benefit a lot out of this exchange and has turned this into an international business. International trafficking is a major issue throughout the world and India is trying its best to curb the problem by improving border securities and keeping check on the immig ration system.(Barry,1995) Another kind of trafficking that is also quite prominent in Indian cities is internal trafficking. In this form of trafficking women and children from the rural areas and poor parts of the country are allured with attractive job offers or kidnapped by men dealing in this kind of trafficking business and send to the cities for becoming prostitutes(Ringdal,1997,2004). In many cases it is also seen that the relatives or family of the girl sell her to these dealers in exchange of good amount of money. Most of the prostitutes in Indian cities who have been interviewed have confessed that they were forced and compelled to prostitution by their families and relatives due to extreme economic deprivation. City is always considered as the point of attraction for the rural people(Basham,1978). Urban ways and rich life styles have always fascinated the dreams of poor peasant girls in the poor villages of India which has been glorified with the colorful Bollywood movies. Many young girls in villages see the dreams to become actresses and come to cities in search of fame and get trapped in the nasty world of prostitution. In recent times a glamorous form of prostitution is taking the centre stage of attraction in rich cities of India like Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Delhi(Sithannan,2006). This kind of prostitution is chosen by girls of middle class families who take up this profession as an easy means to earn a lot of money. Generally these girls t are quite educated in nature and act as escorts to big corporate professionals. One of the basic reasons behind the rise of this kind of prostitution is the corporate life style of men in these cities where they are separated from their spouse and partners for a long span of time which results in the growth of sex starvation among these men(Barry,1995). This thirst for physical needs become more prominent with huge pressure in work and lonely lifestyle which is ultimately quenched by these high profile prostitutes. Of late India is facing huge problem of child prostitution in the cities where it is estimated that more than four lakh children in major cities of india are following prostitution as their profession(Tripathy Pradhan 2003). Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune are hubs of child prostitution in India. This kind of prostitution has become very popular among men in cities who are scared of sexual transmitted diseases and prefer virgins instead of older ones and also because they are cheaper. One of the basic push factors that make these children follow this profession is poverty. Many families in India sell their girl child to temples and brokers in exchange of good sum of money(Tripathy Pradhan 2003). It is also noticed that 99% of girl children of prostitutes follows the profession of their mother. It is sad that how these children of prostitutes take prostitution as their hereditary profession. Mumbai city which has the most number of child prostitutes brought from Nepal. Child prostitution i s a menace to Indian culture and society and is the worst form of child abuse and sexual exploitation(Barry,1995) Male prostitution is also getting prominence in recent times in particular cities of India such as Delhi and Mumbai (Mandelbaum,1970). Though homosexuality is not a crime in India anymore but male prostitution is not so much accepted among common people in India. It is may be due to that stigma which is attached to the concept of masculinity and manhood. Due to which male prostitutes in India face more criticism and harassments from the masses rather than his female counterparts. This kind of prostitution is generally concentrated in big cities of India and is not very popular with the rural parts of the country(Mandelbaum,1970). Urbanization has given birth to different kind of prostitution in India and it has grown more with time and space. It is observed that prostitutes generally have lot of resentments towards society as a whole and also towards their clients(Basham,1978) Prostitution as an Urban culture in India The term prostitution basically refers to an act of sexual intercourse which a woman or a man does in exchange of money(Sanger,2006). A person who does these acts is called prostitute or sex worker. Prostitution is generally known as a very old form of profession followed by women in every culture and civilization. Traces of prostitution have been found in the oldest civilizations of the world such Indus valley and Harappa(Sanger,2006). The oldest cities of India such Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro have remains of statues of dancing girl that were basically claimed as prostitutes by archeologist and social scientist. This proves that prostitution as a way of life has been practiced by the people of India from ancient times. Archeologists have proved that ancient cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were typically urban in nature and followed a life style of cities. Referring prostitution as an urban culture is an issue of huge debate. Anthropologists have tried to explain the meaning of culture in different ways throughout the century. The word culture that has originated from the Latin word colere which basically means to cultivate.(Erisksen,1995,2001). As Eriksen(1995,2001:4) has cited: Culture refers to the acquired, cognitive and symbolic aspects of existence, whereas society refers to the social organization of human life, patterns of interaction and power relationships. The implication of this analytical distinction, which may seem bewildering, will eventually be evident. The concept of urban culture basically refers to the cultivated ways of urban life which literally means trends and customs which are passed on from one generation to another generation in cities and towns. Generally study of urban anthropology is basically referred as the study of city. There are many attempts to find a proper definition of city. Cities have been defined according to numerous criteria-among them relative size and population density, relation to surrounding territories, and occupational and role differentiation of their inhabitants -but no brief, single definition has been advanced that satisfies all scholars.(Basham,1978:49) Prostitution as an urban culture in India is accepted and challenged by many Indian scholars. All the data and documentaries have proven so far that prostitution has been a part of early cities and modern cities in India. Prostitution is one of the oldest forms of urban trends in cities that have been passed on from one generation to another (Levine,2003). It is very interesting to note that children of these prostitutes tend to become prostitutes too. It is a kind of urban culture that has been always present with the realms of city.(Sanger,2006). The view of prostitution as an urban culture is not extensively defined by anthropologists. It is very hard to say that prostitution is the consequence of urbanization or prostitution has always been a part of urbanization(Basham,1978). Almost 73% of the sexworkers in India stay in city.(Sithannan,2006) The view of prostitution as an urban culture have been argued by many anthropologists who believe that prostitution is not a urban phenomenon alone and can be found in all the rural areas of India(Singh,1997). Considering prostitution as culture is not justifiable because this is not accepted and acknowledged by all the people of the city as a whole(Barry,1995). The view that has been presented against the view of prostitution as an urban culture basically advocated prostitution as a menace to society rather than a culture which everybody likes to follow. The most fascinating fact about prostitution is that though it is rejected and discarded by every section of society it has always existed as an integral part of the society. It is noticed that prostitutes bear lot of resentment against the society and people as a whole. They believe that it is the society who compels them to follow the profession and it is the society as a whole that humiliates them the most(Tripathy Pradhan,2003) . Prostitution as a necessary evil in the cities: In the western society prostitution is considered as a necessary evil which view is very much accepted in Indian cities as well. Ironically enough no religion and culture of India support prostitution but they try to give different names to it to justify their attitude towards prostitution such as Noshto Meye or the spoiled girl(Sithannan,2006). There are lots of families in cities who take the help of the prostitutes to act as surrogate mother to their child. There had been lot of official documents proving that couples who are unable to have a child take the help of a prostitute to bear their child for them in exchange of some money. Prostitutes are not only instrument of sex sale in the cities but also used as an instrument of womb sale(Barry,1995). According to Indian tradition men are considered polygamous by nature while women are considered monogamous(Singh,1997). From the cultural context Indian men think that they are more sexually driven than Indian women. This at an extent is used for justifying their attitude for having sex with more number of women rather than their wives, girlfriends or lovers. It is true that prostitutes can be also proclaimed as a savior to all those girls who are virgin and honest. Virginity before marriage is an important concept in India and if prostitution would not have existed then these honest and virgin girls would have fallen prey to these sex starved men.(Sithannan,2006). There would have been huge amount of rapes in every part of the country and women would not have been as safe as they are now in Indian cities. By fulfilling the sexual desires of these sex starved men prostitutes are actually saving the city from lot of hideous crimes that could have been committed if prostitution would not have existed. Prostitution is that kind of institution which is also teaching people to be aware of their health and consequences of uncontrolled sexual desires could be quite harmful for ones health(Levine,2003). Moreover destitute girls and infants who are left over on streets of the city and have to face daily humiliations from the city dwellers as well as police recourse themselves to this profession of prostitution. It not only provides them with food but also provides those shelters and power to earn money(Tripathy Pradhan,2003). In such circumstances prostitution becomes a good means to have good life and earn a good amount of money. Conclusion In this essay I have tried to talk about prostitution and prostitutes in the context of cities in India. There are different kinds of prostitution in India which has been part of Indian culture from time immemorial now. Indian tradition has always supported prostitution indirectly through different forms of prostitution such as divine prostitutions like devadasi and jogans. Prostitution in different ways has entered the core of city life in India and is increasing with time. I had also focused elaborately about the prostitution that exists in different religious cities of India. I really believe that prostitution in cities is not bad or harmful if it is controlled and checked properly by the government and proper measures are adopted against any economic exploitation of these prostitutes. It is noticed that most of these prostitutes staying in city brothels are economically indebt to the owner of the brothel for food clothing and shelter they get from the brothel owners which they sometimes are not able to pay back throughout their lives. Major reason behind this is prostitutes who work in brothels in these big cities are basically underpaid and are in constant economic crisis. It is also true that the most of the prostitutes in these brothels are suffering from sex transmitted diseases. According to some official records it has also been proven that sexual harassments by police and some inconsiderate government officials on girls who live on streets of these cities have also given rise to prostitution in India. It is a shame that how policemen who are employed by the government for the security of men and women of the city becomes the sexual exploiters themselves. As a woman the fact that haunts me is that human trafficking is becoming major issue throughout the world and Indian cities are targeted for these kinds of illegal migrations and dealings on the flesh trade. Major Indian cities are also witnessing huge amount of corruption which has reached in the inner roots of the society and is helping in the development of new form of crimes in the society and is also adding fuel to the organized crime in cities. Rural migration in cities is increasing more number of prostitution in India. Poor villagers see city as the place where all their dreams of luxury and happy life will come true and this lead them to city in search of jobs and fame. Mumbai film industry is very reputed throughout the world and is known as the famous Bollywood, it is also due to this reason that Mumbai is known as the city of dreams by many people. Many girls from villages come to this city everyday in search of fame in Bollywood and get trapped in the dark rooms of brothels. In ancient times women were treated as commodity in India. She was the treasured property of her father before marriage and belonged to her husband after marriage. This cultural concept still exists in many parts of India and plays a big role in determining womens position in the modern society. It is this cultural and social doctrine that sometimes becomes the main reason behind prostitution. The most interesting fact about prostitution is that though people like to call it as an evil it has still being accepted by every parts of the society and by every culture of the world. The facts that prostitution is really a necessary evil for urban life is accepted my many scholars around the world and I too believe that prostitution really play a very important social role in our community. In this essay I have tried to draw attention to the fact that many urban anthropologists have also tried to look, which is basically considering prostitution as part of urban culture. The amalgamation of urban culture and prostitution is quite interesting and can provide a good framework for detailed urban research in future. Though there are challenges which should not be neglected but considering prostitution as a culture in urban context can open a new dimension of study in urban anthropology. Lastly I have tried to define and analyze prostitution in the context of Indian cities alone and have generally focused on prostitution in India. Prostitution in other cities of the world still remains much of a mystery and gives place where urban ethnographers can try to have their future research. In this essay I had tried to introduce my academic audiences with the different prostitutions in Indian cities and their links to Indian culture and history with little bit glimpses of social problems that exist in the cities of India such as poverty and corruption.I have also tried to explain the inherent concept on prostitution by society as whole an and had also tried to justify reason behind such notions. Altogether I have dealt prostitution as an urban phenomenon and how it had affected the city and its attributes in India throughout the century. The future of Prostitution in India The future of prostitution in Indian cities according to me can be quite good if they are kept under good check by the government and if some moral duties and rights are imposed on the prostitutes making them aware of the social and moral values so that they dont act as an instrument responsible for broken marriages and families. Moreover I believe that Indian government should start working more effectively in curbing political corruption and poverty around the country which have given birth too many other social problems in the society.