Simple Experiments in Scientific Research

Simple Experiments in Scientific Research Basics Print Simple Experiments in Scientific Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 13, 2019 Sam Edwards / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming A simple experiment is one researchers often use to determine if changes in one variable might lead to changes in another variableâ€"in other words, to establish cause-and-effect.  In a simple experiment looking at the effectiveness of a new medication, for instance, study participants may be  randomly assigned to one of two groups: one of these would be the control group and receive no  treatment, while the other group would be the experimental group that receives the treatment being studied. The Elements of a Simple Experiment A simple experiment is composed of several key elements: The Experimental Hypothesis: This is a  statement that predicts that the treatment will cause an effect and so will always be phrased as a cause-and-effect statement. For example, researchers might phrase a hypothesis in this way: Administration of Medicine A will result in a reduction of symptoms of Disease B.The Null Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis that the experimental treatment will have no effect on the participants or dependent variables. Its important to note that failing to find an effect of the treatment does not mean that there is no effect. The treatment might impact another variable that the researchers are not measuring in the current experiment.The Independent Variable:  The treatment variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.The Dependent Variable: This refers to the response the researchers are measuring.The Control Group:  These are the  individuals who are randomly assigned to a group but do not receive the treatment. The measurements taken from the control group will be compared to those in the experimental group to determine if the treatment had an effect.The  Experimental Group:  This group of study participants is made up of the randomly-selected subjects who will receive the treatment being tested.   Determining the Results of a Simple Experiment Once the data from the simple experiment has been gathered, researchers then compare the results of the experimental group to those of the control group to determine if the treatment had an effect. Due to the always-present possibility of errors, its not possible to be 100 percent sure of the relationship between two variables. There might be unknown variables at play that influence the outcome of the experiment, for example. Despite this challenge, there are ways to determine if there most likely is a meaningful relationship. To do this, scientists use inferential statisticsâ€"a branch of science that deals with drawing inferences about a population based on measures taken from a representative sample of that population. The key to determining if a treatment had an effect is to measure the statistical significance. Statistical significance shows that the relationship between the variables is probably not due to mere chance and that a real relationship most likely exists between the two variables. Statistical significance is often represented like this:p 0.05A p-value of less than .05 indicates that the  results likely are due to chance and that the probability of obtaining these results would be less than 5 percent. There are a number of different means of measuring statistical significance. The one used will depend on the type of research design that was used for the experiment.

The Issue Of Legal Same Sex Unions - 842 Words

Few know the issue of legal same sex unions first made news nearly 20 years ago. The Defense of Marriage Act was originally enacted in 1996, but has only been in the spotlight the past few years. Now, another hot topic issue about gender and lifestyle has found its way to mainstream media reports. The issue of gender reassignment has reached fever pitch levels, with Bruce Jenner transitioning to Caitlyn Jenner. Social media, daytime talk shows, and late night TV devoted countless hours to discussion of issues such as â€Å"what is a hero†, â€Å"will Caitlyn be treated differently as a woman, or a man†, and â€Å"can Jenner expect a lower paycheck as a female versus a male†? But, the one topic that has not received any airplay is the way transgender issues are treated during a divorce. In Jenner’s case, the divorce from Kris Jenner took place before the transformation. However, this is not always the case, and because it is not always the case the topic de serves a mention. There is scant little legal precedent for issues of transgender divorces. The first known case is out of Arizona, and involved a man who was born as a woman. In 2012 Thomas Beatie filed for divorce, as a man. The facts, and legal issues included: ââ€"  Beatie, who was born a woman, had undergone some procedures to transition from female to male. However, the procedure for reassignment of reproductive organs had not taken place. ââ€"  Beatie has obtained a legal decision that declared him male. ââ€"  Despite the legal definition ofShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Definition Of Marriage Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesIn Australia marriage is the union between a women and a man, in the eyes of the law couples of the same sexual orientation is not considered a marriage. In this report it will contain the legal definition of marriage, the current legislation, the legal issues surrounding the law, foreign marriages and how to impact Australia, the rights of the stake holders, the social issues surrounding marriage, political ideas and views of marriage, the evaluation of the law, concluding with recommendation asRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is The Legal Union Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesClick here to access FREE course materials and tests. Products ï‡ ³Home ï‡ ¶Research ï‡ µDrive ï‡ ´Answers About Company Legal Site Map Contact Advertise ï‡ º ï‡ ¼ ï‡ ½  ©2015 StudyMode.com Home Same-sex marriage Same Sex Marriage Same Sex Marriage Civil union, Homosexuality, Marriage By kwhite89 Mar 16, 2015 1510 Words 56 Views More info ï„” PDF View TextRead MoreGay Marriage Should be Legal Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pages There can be no question about the definition of marriage. 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They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. One common problem that plagues gay and lesbian couples that are denied the right to marry is their inability to claim their partner’s social security after he or she has died. The Human Rights Campaign, which workRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians1447 Words   |  6 Pagesmarry even if they are upstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. One common problem that plagues gay and lesbian couples that are denied the right to marry is their inability to claim their partner’s social security after he or she has died. 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Essay on Monkey See, Monkey Do - 757 Words

Violence in media today is almost as common as a teenage girl knowing the name of the actor Channing Tatum. In America, we practically grow up on movies that display countless acts of violence against one another. This is a major way in which human society as a whole has changed from growing up in an environment with a lot of real life violence sporadically around the world, to having some sort of physical conflict involved in every movie or TV show. In the past there have been several cases where people have seen a violent action through a media source and then tried carrying out an action similar to the one seen, except in real life. This is proof to an existence of the presence of violence having an impact on certain viewers. Violence†¦show more content†¦Although they viewed the video multiple times, there must have been some sort of mental sickness for the two teenagers to commit an act like this. It will never be proven that the movie was truly responsible but you have to wonder, if the movie weren’t made, would Bill Savage be dead right now? To make Bok’s case, she cites the legal action that was taken in this case: if you refer the film to a product and something goes wrong with the product then the makers are held responsible. This ruling is huge in the verdict for having unrestricted amounts of violence in a production and should make them think twice about the content which they are displaying. On the flip side to this there is another view in which a certain level of violence is actually beneficial to the viewer. Author Gerard Jones in his article titled â€Å"Violent media is good for kids† exhibits this perspective of violence at a certain level actually teaching kids to be strong and unafraid. This view comes from a personal experience where the author was able to overcome things that held him back as a child such as being afraid, unsocial, and unconfident in himself. 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Biblical Archaeology Dating Techniques Free Essays

string(219) " as thinning of stands, resin-gathering, fire damage, and other traumas such as severe weather effects, pollution or lightning damage, not to mention shaping of the wood at the time of construction and decay afterward\." As our civilization grows, there is also a growing passion for knowledge of the past. Archaeology is fast becoming one of the popular sciences. Most archeological finds are composed of shreds of pottery or ceramics. We will write a custom essay sample on Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now As archeology and modern science progress many dating techniques are being developed to be used on these fragile artefacts in order to give us a brief glimpse of our past. Many techniques are now available which allow the detailed physical and chemical characterization of ceramic artefacts. Given a suitable archaeological sample it is now possible to determine many aspects of technology, provenance, and, in some cases, its use. Several dating techniques used in archeology are superposition, artifacts of known age, stratigraphy, dendrochronology and thermoluminescence. This paper shall focus on Ceramic Analysis using three of these techniques: Dendrochronology, Radiocarbon dating and Thermoluminescence. Carbon 14 Radiocarbon dating or Carbon-14 dating is the determination of the approximate age of an ancient object, such as an archaeological specimen, by measuring the amount of carbon 14 it contains. Radiocarbon dating was discovered by a team of scientists led by Prof. Willard Libby of the University of Chicago after World War II. Since plants and animals take up carbon-14 during their lifetime. The amount of carbon-14 in them exists in equilibrium with the C14 concentration of the atmosphere and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. As soon as a plant or animal dies, they cease the metabolic function of carbon uptake; there is no replenishment of radioactive carbon, only decay. This rate of decay was calculated by Libby’s team to be 5568 years per half-life, this means that half the C14 in the original sample will have decayed after 5568 years and after another 5568 years, half of that remaining material will have decayed, and so on. This rate of decay is what is now know as Libby’s half-life which he measured at 5568 ±30 years. The true advantage of the radiocarbon method is its capability to be uniformly applied throughout the world , this is probably the primary reason why it is one of the most widely used and best-known absolute dating methods. However, it is not without its flaws, radiocarbon dating has the following limitations: 1. that after 10 half-lives there is a very small amount of radioactive carbon present in a sample, at about 50,000-60,000 years radiocarbon dating becomes inaccurate. 2. the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the atmosphere is not constant. This variation is due to changes in the intensity of the cosmic radiation bombardment of the Earth, the 1950’s nuclear testing and the depletion of the Ozone layer. 3. in rare cases, a â€Å"reservoir effect† will give C-14 dates that are much older than the true age of the sample because â€Å"some plants and animals live in very unusual environments whose C-14 content is much lower than normal. † 4. Contamination of the sample also limits the accuracy of Radiocarbon dating as when porous samples contain recently living material with a full â€Å"charge† of C-14. Finally, Radiocarbon dating can only be used on living organisms. Dendrochronology Dendrochronology is the science that uses tree rings dated to their exact year of formation to analyze temporal and spatial patterns of processes in the physical and cultural sciences. Its main function in archaeology is to use tree rings to date when timber was felled, transported, processed, or used for construction or wooden artefacts such as a beam or pole of an ancient structure. The principle behind using tree-rings is that â€Å"tree-ring sequences from trees that grow in a seasonal climate, i. e. , with one growth increment per year, with the size of that growth dependent upon some climatic stimulus such as cold in the Polar regions, drought in the Aegean, and various combinations of the two stimuli in regions in between, can be compared so that these increments, more popularly known as â€Å"rings,† can be dated to the calendar year in which they were formed. † Aside from the principle of using tree-rings, the use of Dendrochronology is governed by several other principles, these set of scientific rules must be adhered to in order for the result to be flawless. There is the Uniformitarian Principle which states that â€Å"physical and biological processes that link current environmental processes with current patterns of tree growth must have been in operation in the past,† the Principle of Limiting Factors which states that â€Å"rates of plant processes are constrained by the primary environmental variable that is most limiting,† The Principle of Aggregate Tree Growth which states that â€Å"any individual tree-growth series can be â€Å"decomposed† into an aggregate of environmental factors, both human and natural, that affected the patterns of tree growth over time,† The Principle of Ecological Amplitude stating that a specie of trees â€Å"may grow and reproduce over a certain range of habitats, referred to as its ecological amplitude,† the Principle of Sites Selection which states that â€Å"hat sites useful to dendrochronology can be identified and selected based on criteria that will produce tree- ring series sensitive to the environmental variable being examined,† the Principle of Cross-dating which states that â€Å"matching patterns in ring widths or other ring characteristics (such as ring density patterns) among several tree-ring series allow the identification of the exact year in which each tree ring was formed. † and the Principle of Replication which states â€Å"that the environmental signal being investigated can be maximized, and the amount of â€Å"noise† minimized, by sampling more than one stem radius per tree, and more than one tree per site,† the application of which is not limited to Dendrochronology only. The methodology used in Dendrochronology is cross-dating, or matching patterns of ring-growth from one tree to another and assigning rings to specific years, however, this possible only among trees growing in the same general climatic region. The good thing about dendrochronology on the other hand, is that cross-dating can sometimes be achieved in spite of human interference to ring-growth such as thinning of stands, resin-gathering, fire damage, and other traumas such as severe weather effects, pollution or lightning damage, not to mention shaping of the wood at the time of construction and decay afterward. You read "Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques" in category "Papers" Furthermore, visual and statistical techniques are employed to guarantee the accuracy of the matches and in addition to simple ring-width analysis, X-ray densitometric methods are used to reconstruct past environmental conditions. It is also possible that wood or charcoal samples taken from standing buildings or excavated from archaeological sites be crossdated with each other and with wood from living trees to extend the tree-ring chronology beyond the date of the oldest ring of the oldest living tree in the region. Scientists believe that the best advantage of dendrochronology is that it is the only archaeometric technique where determination of absolute dates accurate to the year is either theoretically or practically possible, but, just like any other method of dating artefacts, it suffers from several limitations. The following limits the use or accuracy of Dendrochronology: 1. in some areas of the world, particularly in the tropics, the species available do not have sufficiently distinct seasonal patterns that can be used 2. in cases where the right species are available, the wood must be well enough preserved that the rings are readable to the point that there must be at least 30 intact rings on any one sample. 3. in order to produce an accurate result, it is necessary to have samples of timber that retained their bark, so that it is clear which ring was the outermost when it was felled. 4. it can only be used if there is an existing master strip for that area and species; if the only master chronology available for the region is oak, cross-matching with timbers of these other species cannot be relied on. 5. use of this technique is also limited on how far back in the past things can be dated with tree rings although bristle cone pine trees can live to 9,000 years, this is a very rare phenomenon. 6. â€Å"sapwood is highly susceptible to decay particularly by beetle larvae and as a â€Å"result all sapwood may have been removed from the accessible surfaces of timbers during building repairs and conservation work, making it impossible to determine when the timber was felled. † 7. it may give inaccurate results on the actual date of the structure if it so happens that the date the timber was felled is not necessarily the date that the building was constructed or that the timber used was imported from another area. 8. in some places, prehistoric people may have built their structures using timber however, in most of the world that did not begin to happen until about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago. Thermoluminiscence Thermoluminescence dating is the determination by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose of the time elapsed since the material containing crystalline minerals was either heated or exposed to sunlight. The application ranges from â€Å"Lower Paleolithic to Neolithic archaeological sites, with a major focus on the Middle Paleolithic, which is often beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. † The principle behind this unique dating technique is based on the â€Å"storage of information about the absorbed radiation in inorganic crystals. † It is based on structural damage and faults to the crystal lattice of minerals by ionizing radiation. The sources for this omnipresent radiation are radioactive nuclides from the surrounding sediment and from the sample itself, as well as secondary cosmic rays. Thus a radiation dose accumulates in the crystal in the form of electrons in excited states, of which some are metastable and thus resident over periods of time long enough to allow a dating application. During the first heating of the artefact, if the temperature is high enough (400 ° C), the drainage is sufficient to relax all electrons relevant to the luminescence method used; that is, the clock is set to zero and through the years it starts to accumulate natural radiation, upon its second heating it releases all this stored radiation in terms of thermoluminescent light. The released light is then correlated to the absorbed radiation which is then correlated to the archeological age. In practice, knowledge of the composition of the artefact is of importance since the nature or chemical composition of it, as explained above, determines the amount of natural radioisotopes present in it. These natural radioisotopes are responsible for the greater part of the radiation that is absorbed. If the composition of the artefact is known, then the archeological age of the artefact can be computed by using the â€Å"total amount of absorbed radiation divided by the absorbed dose through internal and external radiation per year. † The greatest advantage of Thermoluminescence dating over other methods is not only the direct association of the event with past human activity on a linear time scale, but also its smaller vulnerability to unknown variation of certain parameters. However, Thermoluminescence dating is still prone to errors and inaccuracies. The evaluation and publishing of results must be done with due care and must meet with certain standards which includes the presentation of glow curves, heating- and DE-plateaus, growth curve(s) and the determination of the alpha sensitivity of each sample. Also, equal care has to be taken in the evaluation of parameters prone to variation with time. Conclusion Each of the three dating techniques discussed has its own peculiar way of finding the archaeological era that a sample was created or may have died: Radiocarbon depends on decay, Dendrochronology depends upon growth and thermoluminescence depends upon absorption. The three techniques however different they may be are still connected by a linear timeline, when the accuracy of one technique ends, another begins. Dendrochronology can only be used as long as there are master strips which may reach only up to a maximum of 9,000 years old, results obtained through Radiocarbon, on the other hand, can only be accurate up to 50,000-60,000 years old while Thermoluminescence dating ranges from 10,000 to 230,000 years old. The three dating techniques discussed have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the end, the scientist is the one who weighs all the pro’s and the con’s of any technique and he is given the discretion on what technique to use which he thinks is more appropriate and shall give out more accurate findings. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berger, Thomas. Thermoluminescence Dating: A Brief Overview. http://www. ati. ac. at/~vanaweb/papers/archview. pdf Fagan, Brian M. and George H. Michaels. Dating Techniques in Archaeology. http://www. mc. maricopa. edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/archy/dating/datingtech. html#Dendrochronology Freestone, Ian. Ceramic Analysis. http://ads. ahds. ac. uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaoccpap/pdf/117/11710001. pdf Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. Principles of Dendrochronology. http://web. utk. edu/~grissino/principles. htm Higham, Thomas. The Method. http://www. c14dating. com/int. html Hirst, Kris K. Radiocarbon Dating Method. http://archaeology. about. com/od/rterms/g/radiocarbon. htm Kuniholm, Peter Ian. Dendrochronology. http://www. arts. cornell. edu/dendro/ajatext. html Richter, Daniel. Advantages and Limitations of Thermoluminescence of Heated Flint from Paleolithic Sites. http://www. eva. mpg. de/evolution/staff/richter/pdf/07-RichterGeoarchaeology. pdf Robinson, B. A. How does Carbon-14 Dating (C-14) Work? Is it Accurate and Reliable?. http://www. religioustolerance. org/c14dats. htm Taylor, Jonathan. Dendrochronology in Dating Timber Framed Building and Structures. http://www. buildingconservation. com/articles/dendrochron/dendro. htm How to cite Biblical Archaeology: Dating Techniques, Papers

Ionic Reactions Lab Essay Example

Ionic Reactions Lab Paper Ocean County College Department of Chemistry Chem 180 Lab 5: Ionic Reactions Submitted by Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to work with aqueous solutions of ionic substances. Aqueous solutions are those solutions in which water is the solvent. When ionic substances are dissolved in water, the ions separate and become surrounded by water molecules. The focus of this experiment is on precipitates. The goal of this experiment is to study the nature of ionic reactions, write balanced equations, and to write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions. A detailed view of the results can be found in the table below. Cations used: Barium, Copper, Iron, Sodium, Cobalt, Nickel Anions used: Nitrate, Carbonate, Chloride, Hydroxide, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Iodide, Phosphate Questions A Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text. B Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? Yes, I feel like my results were comparable to the rules on the table in the chemistry text. C Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Most salts of carbonate: CO 2-, phosphate: PO 3-, oxalate: C2O4 2-, chromate, CrO4 2-, sulfide: S 2-, and most metal hydroxides and oxides. Exceptions include alkali metal hydroxides and Ba(OH)2. D Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? See solubility table/rules below Salts of nitrate: NO3-, chlorate: ClO3-, perchlorate: ClO4-, acetate: CH3CO2-, almost all salts of Cl-, Br-, I-, Salts of sulfate: SO4 2-. E Which cations generally do not form precipitates? We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ionic Reactions Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cations of group 1 and 2 have few insoluble salts, so they do not form precipitate. F Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the well numbers of the precipitates you chose for your equations. 1) Well D3 Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) 2) Well A7 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na(NO2)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+(aq) + OH- (aq) ( Co(OH)2 (s) 3) Well C5 Balanced: Fe(NO3)3 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Fe 2+ (aq) + 3 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 3 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Fe 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) ) Well E5 Balanced: Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2HCO3 (aq) ( Ni(HCO3)2 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ( Ni(HCO3)2 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ni 2+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ( Na(HCO3)2 (s) 5) Well D7 Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) 6) Well B2 Balanced: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + NaI (aq) ( CuI (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + I- (aq) ( CuI (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + I- (aq) ( CuI (s) 7) Well B6 Balanced: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) 8) Well A1 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + Na3PO4 (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) + Na3(NO3)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 3 Na+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) + 3 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) 9) Well C1 Balanced: Fe(NO3)2 (aq)+ Na3PO4 (aq) ( FePO4 (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Fe 3+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 3 Na+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( FePO4 (s) + 3 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Fe 3+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( FePO4 (s) 10) Well E6 Balanced: Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ni 2+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) Experimental Results: Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |NK | |Light Precipitate |Precipitate Pink |Precipitate | | | | |NK |Pink | |Dark Green | |Precipitate | | | | | | | |Purple | | | | | | | |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |Precipitate Yellow |NK |NK |Light Precipitate |Precipitat e Green |Precipitate | |Precipitate Green | | | |Green | |Blue | |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |Gold |NK |NK |Yellow |Precipitate Yellow |Precipitate | |Precipitate Yellow | | | | | |Yellow | |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |Precipitate White |NK |Light Precipitate |Precipitate White |Light Precipitate | |Precipitate White | | | |White | | | |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |NK |NK |Light Precipitate |Light Precipitate |Light Precipitate | |Precipitate Tan | | | |Grey |Tan |Tan |

Free Essays on CIF Contract

Introduction C.I.F. stands for "Cost Insurance and Freight" In fact; this contract imposes a variety of duties to the seller. In general this contract is known as a contract for sale and shipment of goods to the agreed destination. As far as the payment is regarded, it must be made against the production of the appropriate documents according to the contract. So, in case of CIF contract the seller undertakes more obligation than the buyer. All these obligations and duties of the both parties will be examined below. The Duties of the Seller  · To ship the goods according to the contract;  · To arrange for carriage of the goods;  · To arrange insurance;  · To make out invoice to the buyer;  · To tender these documents to the buyer; However, the seller must ship the goods, which means that the seller is obliged to ship the goods to the appropriate place and on the exact date. At this point the seller has the full responsibility to determine exactly the time and the place, when and where he has placed the goods on the port. Also, he is obliged to nominate the vessel. Further, the seller has to arrange for carriage of the goods, which means that the buyer does not possess the right to sue the carrier for the breach of the contract (he is not a party of the contract). If the property in the goods has not passed to the buyer then his right to sue for any damages to the goods is not completed. So, this means that in CIF contracts the buyer does not has the right to sue the carriage for the damages. As far as the documents are regarded, the seller must tender to the buyer an invoice, a clean shipped bill of lading and an insurance policy. These documents are very important because the buyer will pay the price in exchange for the documents, and it is crucial that they are accurate. If the documents are not accurate it will cause delays and other legal problems. Even more important for CIF is that the bill of lading is the ... Free Essays on CIF Contract Free Essays on CIF Contract Introduction C.I.F. stands for "Cost Insurance and Freight" In fact; this contract imposes a variety of duties to the seller. In general this contract is known as a contract for sale and shipment of goods to the agreed destination. As far as the payment is regarded, it must be made against the production of the appropriate documents according to the contract. So, in case of CIF contract the seller undertakes more obligation than the buyer. All these obligations and duties of the both parties will be examined below. The Duties of the Seller  · To ship the goods according to the contract;  · To arrange for carriage of the goods;  · To arrange insurance;  · To make out invoice to the buyer;  · To tender these documents to the buyer; However, the seller must ship the goods, which means that the seller is obliged to ship the goods to the appropriate place and on the exact date. At this point the seller has the full responsibility to determine exactly the time and the place, when and where he has placed the goods on the port. Also, he is obliged to nominate the vessel. Further, the seller has to arrange for carriage of the goods, which means that the buyer does not possess the right to sue the carrier for the breach of the contract (he is not a party of the contract). If the property in the goods has not passed to the buyer then his right to sue for any damages to the goods is not completed. So, this means that in CIF contracts the buyer does not has the right to sue the carriage for the damages. As far as the documents are regarded, the seller must tender to the buyer an invoice, a clean shipped bill of lading and an insurance policy. These documents are very important because the buyer will pay the price in exchange for the documents, and it is crucial that they are accurate. If the documents are not accurate it will cause delays and other legal problems. Even more important for CIF is that the bill of lading is the ...

One Trip, Ten Opportunities

One Trip, Ten Opportunities My first press trip seemed glamorous – delicious food, eco-hotels, unique sights. Less glamorous, however, was my office when I returned – overflowing emails, unfinished queries, pressing deadlines. It didnt take long to finish the one article I wrote from that press trip, but it took more than a week to finish the neglected work; in the meantime my income dipped while I played catch up. 1. Your Assignment: Before you start extra pieces from a press trip, dont neglect the one piece youre expected to do. No matter how much inspiration you may have, it is vital to do your best work on the piece you know youll sell. 2. Airline Magazines: Airline magazines, found in every seat pocket, always seek new material that covers destinations along their routes. What better way to know youre covering a suitable destination than to cover the same location as your press trip? 3. Restaurant Reviews: Press guests are often treated to delicious meals at local specialty restaurants. Take careful notes of the menu, ambiance, and price ranges, and you can submit a review to local newspapers, regional magazines, or larger markets interested in niche restaurants. 4. Hotel Reviews: If your press trip includes accommodations in boutique hotels, bed-and-breakfast inns, or other unique places to stay, take notes to create reviews just as you do for local restaurants. Explore the hotel, poke into the fitness center, check out the pool, and sample any breakfast offerings, and youll be able to create an intimate article about the property. 5. Events: Even if your trip is a general visit, you can easily pick up brochures and community magazines covering festivals, concerts, fairs, theater productions, and more. Putting those details into a round up about the areas special events can give you another piece to sell to magazines or newspapers. 6. Culture: Most press trips include local guides or drivers who are an ideal resource for cultural insights into community quirks. Ask about unusual things you see, favorite hangouts, local history, language dialects, or other unique topics that can be turned into additional articles. 7. Trip Experiences: A press trip is filled with activities – Ive gone kayaking, visited museums, toured a coffee plantation and more – and each one can be a different article. Tips for first-time kayakers, museum etiquette, how coffee grows – each topic can bring a different paycheck. 8. Networking: While the professional connections you make may not lead immediately to more work, each new contact with an editor, photographer, or writer can connect to additional markets and expertise. Follow up with a nice to have met you note after the trip to remain memorable. 9. General Tips: Instead of narrowing your focus for more articles from the same trip, broaden your reach. General tips for first-time travelers to different destinations are hot topics for travel magazines and websites. 10. Recycling: Even if all you write is one article, that article can bring in ten paychecks if you sell it repeatedly. Clever rewriting can target one article for different, non-competing markets, lining up paycheck after paycheck for the same work. After each press trip I may still come home to extra emails and work to catch up on, but when I also come home with ten new ideas and opportunities for more writing, Ive never again come home to a dip in income that can tarnish the great fun the trip has been.